Akev piv txwv yog tias yog roj yog ntshav ntawm kev lag luam, ces lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj vitamin ntawm kev lag luam.
Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib pawg hlau. Rare Earth Elements, REE) tau tshawb pom ib qho ntxiv txij li thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Muaj 17 hom REE, suav nrog 15 lanthanides nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov tshuaj - lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), thiab li ntawm tam sim no, nws muaj. tau dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb xws li electronics, petrochemicals thiab metallurgy. Yuav luag txhua txhua 3-5 xyoos, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem tshawb pom cov kev siv tshiab ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, thiab ib qho ntawm txhua qhov kev tsim tawm tsis tuaj yeem cais tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.
Tuam Tshoj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj minerals, ranked thawj nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb no: thawj nyob rau hauv cov peev txheej reserves, accounting rau txog 23%; Cov zis yog thawj zaug, suav txog 80% mus rau 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb; Kev muag khoom ntim yog thawj zaug, nrog 60% mus rau 70% ntawm cov khoom tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb xa tawm txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tuam Tshoj yog tib lub tebchaws uas tuaj yeem muab tag nrho 17 hom hlau tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nruab nrab thiab hnyav tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb nrog kev siv tub rog zoo heev.Tuam Tshoj txoj kev sib koom yog enviable.
Ryog lub ntiaj teb yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, uas yog hu ua "kev lag luam monosodium glutamate" thiab "niam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab", thiab tau siv dav hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev lag luam tub rog. Raws li Ministry of Industry thiab Information Technology, cov khoom siv xws li cov hlau nplaum tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb ruaj khov, luminescence, hydrogen cia thiab catalysis tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam high-tech xws li cov cuab yeej siv siab heev tsim, lub zog tshiab thiab kev lag luam tawm tshiab. dav siv nyob rau hauv electronics, petrochemical kev lag luam, metallurgy, machinery, tshiab zog, lub teeb kev lag luam, ib puag ncig tiv thaiv, ua liaj ua teb thiab hais txog. .
Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo 1983, Nyiv tau tshaj tawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau cov zaub mov tsis tshua muaj, thiab 83% ntawm nws lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj neeg tuaj ntawm Tuam Tshoj.
Saib rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas dua, nws lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj tshwj xeeb yog thib ob rau Tuam Tshoj, tab sis nws lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj yog tag nrho lub teeb tsis tshua muaj, uas tau muab faib ua cov ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hnyav thiab lub teeb tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb. Hnyav tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb yog kim heev, thiab lub teeb tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb tsis zoo rau kuv, uas tau hloov mus ua lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob hauv kev lag luam. 80% ntawm US tsawg lub ntiaj teb imports los ntawm Tuam Tshoj.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping ib zaug hais tias: "Muaj roj nyob rau hauv Middle East thiab tsawg ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj." Lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov lus yog qhov tseeb ntawm nws tus kheej. Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj tsis yog qhov tsim nyog "MSG" rau 1/5 cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj yog lub zog sib txuas lus nti rau Tuam Tshoj ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev sib tham lub rooj yav tom ntej. Tiv thaiv thiab tshawb fawb siv cov peev txheej tsawg hauv ntiaj teb, Nws tau dhau los ua lub tswv yim hauv tebchaws tau hu los ntawm ntau tus neeg uas muaj lub tswv yim zoo nyob rau xyoo tas los no los tiv thaiv cov peev txheej muaj nuj nqis hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm kev muag muag thiab xa tawm mus rau sab hnub poob. Xyoo 1992, Deng Xiaoping tau hais meej meej tias Tuam Tshoj txoj cai yog lub tebchaws tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb loj.
Daim ntawv teev npe siv 17 lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj
1 lanthanum yog siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv alloy thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab ua liaj ua teb
Cerium yog dav siv hauv tsheb iav
3 praseodymium yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ceramic pigments
Neodymium yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv aerospace
5 cymbals muab lub zog pab rau satellites
Kev thov ntawm 6 Samarium hauv Atomic Energy Reactor
7 europium manufacturing lo ntsiab muag thiab kua siv lead ua zaub
Gadolinium 8 rau kev kho mob magnetic resonance imaging
9 terbium yog siv nyob rau hauv aircraft tis regulator
10 erbium yog siv hauv laser rangefinder hauv kev ua tub rog
11 dysprosium yog siv los ua teeb pom kev zoo rau zaj duab xis thiab luam ntawv
12 holmium yog siv los ua cov khoom siv kho qhov muag
13 thulium yog siv rau kev kuaj mob thiab kho cov qog
14 ytterbium additive rau lub computer nco keeb
Daim ntawv thov ntawm 15 lutetium nyob rau hauv lub zog roj teeb technology
16 yttrium ua rau cov xov hlau thiab lub dav hlau quab yuam
Scandium feem ntau yog siv los ua alloys
Cov ntsiab lus yog raws li nram no:
1
Lanthanum (LA)
Hauv Gulf Tsov Rog, cov cuab yeej pom kev hmo ntuj nrog lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj lanthanum tau dhau los ua qhov txaus ntshai ntawm US tso tsheb hlau luam.Cov duab saum toj no qhia lanthanum chloride hmoov(Data map)
Lanthanum yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv piezoelectric, electrothermal cov ntaub ntawv, thermoelectric cov ntaub ntawv, magnetoresistive cov ntaub ntawv, luminescent cov ntaub ntawv (xiav hmoov), hydrogen cia cov ntaub ntawv, kho qhov muag iav, laser ntaub ntawv, ntau yam alloy cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam.Lanthanum kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv catalysts rau kev npaj ntawm ntau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, Cov kws tshawb fawb tau hu ua lanthanum "super calcium" rau nws cov txiaj ntsig rau cov qoob loo.
2
Cerium (CE)
Cerium tuaj yeem siv los ua catalyst, arc electrode thiab iav tshwj xeeb.Cerium alloy yog resistant rau kub kub thiab siv tau los ua dav hlau propulsion qhov chaw.(Data map)
(1) Cerium, raws li cov iav ntxiv, tuaj yeem nqus tau ultraviolet thiab infrared rays, thiab tau siv dav hauv tsheb iav.Nws tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv ultraviolet rays, tab sis kuj txo qhov kub hauv lub tsheb, thiaj li txuag hluav taws xob rau huab cua. conditioning.Txij li xyoo 1997, ceria tau ntxiv rau tag nrho cov iav tsheb hauv Nyiv. Hauv xyoo 1996, tsawg kawg 2000 tons ntawm ceria tau siv hauv lub iav tsheb, thiab ntau dua 1000 tons hauv Tebchaws Meskas.
(2) Tam sim no, cerium yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsheb tso pa purification catalyst, uas muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub tsheb tso pa roj tawm mus rau hauv cov huab cua. Kev noj ntawm Cerium hauv Tebchaws Meskas suav rau ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.
(3) Cerium sulfide tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov xim tsis yog cov hlau lead, cadmium thiab lwm yam hlau uas muaj kev phom sij rau ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau xim yas, txheej, number case thiab ntawv industries.Tam sim no, lub tuam txhab ua lag luam yog Fabkis Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: LiSAF laser system yog ib lub xeev ruaj khov laser tsim los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Nws tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov riam phom lom thiab tshuaj los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tryptophan concentration.Cerium yog dav siv hauv ntau lub teb. Yuav luag txhua daim ntawv thov hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj muaj cerium.xws li polishing hmoov, hydrogen cia cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv thermoelectric, cerium tungsten electrodes, ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, roj cell raw cov ntaub ntawv, roj av catalysts, qee cov ntaub ntawv sib nqus mus tas li, ntau yam alloy. steels thiab non-ferrous hlau.
3
Praseodymium (PR)
Praseodymium neodymium alloy
(1) Praseodymium yog dav siv hauv tsev ceramics thiab niaj hnub siv ceramics. Nws tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog ceramic glaze los ua xim glaze, thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov xim underglaze. Cov xim yog lub teeb daj nrog cov xim ntshiab thiab muaj kuab heev.
(2) Nws yog siv los tsim cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov.Siv pheej yig praseodymium thiab neodymium hlau es tsis txhob Ntshiab Neodymium hlau los ua cov hlau nplaum tas mus li, nws cov pa oxygen tsis kam thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab tau pom tseeb, thiab nws tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov hlau nplaum ntawm ntau yam duab. yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab motors.
(3) Siv hauv roj av catalytic cracking.Qhov kev ua, kev xaiv thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov catalyst tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv cov praseodymium thiab neodymium ntxiv rau hauv Y zeolite molecular sieve los npaj cov roj av cracking catalyst.Tuam Tshoj pib siv rau hauv kev lag luam hauv xyoo 1970, thiab kev noj ntau ntxiv.
(4) Praseodymium kuj tseem siv tau rau abrasive polishing. Tsis tas li ntawd, praseodymium yog dav siv nyob rau hauv optical fiber teb.
4
Neodymium (n)
Vim li cas M1 lub tank tuaj yeem pom thawj zaug?Lub tank tau nruab nrog Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag thaj tsam ze li 4000 meters hauv nruab hnub nrig(Data map)
Nrog yug ntawm praseodymium, neodymium tau los ua. Kev tuaj txog ntawm neodymium tau qhib lub ntiaj teb tsawg, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv thaj av tsis tshua muaj, thiab cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj kev lag luam.
Neodymium tau dhau los ua qhov chaw kub hauv kev ua lag luam tau ntau xyoo vim nws txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv thaj chaw tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb. Cov neeg siv loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau neodymium yog NdFeB cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm NdFeB cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov tau txhaj tshuaj tshiab tseem ceeb rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj siab-tech teb. NdFeB hlau nplaum yog hu ua "tus huab tais ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov" vim nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib nqus siab. Txoj kev vam meej ntawm Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer qhia tau hais tias cov khoom sib nqus ntawm NdFeB hlau nplaum hauv Suav teb tau nkag mus rau qib ntiaj teb. Neodymium kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsis-ferrous. Ntxiv 1.5-2.5% neodymium rau hauv magnesium lossis aluminium alloy tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias, huab cua nruj thiab corrosion tsis kam ntawm alloy.Widely siv raws li cov ntaub ntawv aerospace. Tsis tas li ntawd, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet tsim luv-yoj laser beam, uas yog siv dav hauv vuam thiab txiav cov ntaub ntawv nyias nrog tuab hauv qab 10 hli hauv kev lag luam. Hauv kev kho mob, Nd: YAG laser yog siv los tshem tawm kev phais lossis tshuaj tua kab mob es tsis txhob scalpel. Neodymium kuj tseem siv rau cov xim iav thiab cov ntaub ntawv ceramic thiab ua ib qho ntxiv rau cov khoom siv roj hmab.
5
Trollium (Pm)
Thulium yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm nuclear reactors (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
(1) tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov cua sov. Muab lub zog pabcuam rau kev tshawb nrhiav lub tshuab nqus tsev thiab cov khoom siv satellite.
(2) Pm147 emits low-zog β-rays, uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov roj teeb cimbal. Raws li lub hwj chim mov ntawm missile kev taw qhia cov cuab yeej thiab moos. Hom roj teeb no me me thiab tuaj yeem siv tsis tu ncua rau ntau xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, promethium kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xoo hluav taws xob, kev npaj phosphor, ntsuas thickness thiab beacon teeb.
6
Samarium (Sm)
Hlau samarium (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
Sm yog lub teeb daj, thiab nws yog cov khoom siv raw ntawm Sm-Co cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, thiab Sm-Co hlau nplaum yog cov hlau nplaum tsawg tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb siv hauv kev lag luam. Muaj ob hom hlau nplaum ruaj khov: SmCo5 system thiab Sm2Co17 system. Thaum xyoo 1970s, SmCo5 system tau tsim, thiab Sm2Co17 system tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab. Tam sim no qhov kev thov ntawm tom kawg yog muab qhov tseem ceeb rau. Lub purity ntawm samarium oxide siv nyob rau hauv samarium cobalt hlau nplaum yuav tsum tsis txhob siab dhau. Xav txog tus nqi, Feem ntau siv li ntawm 95% ntawm cov khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, samarium oxide kuj yog siv rau hauv ceramic capacitors thiab catalysts. Tsis tas li ntawd, samarium muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv, cov ntaub thaiv npog thiab cov ntaub ntawv tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob atomic reactors, kom lub zog loj loj tsim los ntawm nuclear fission tuaj yeem siv tau zoo.
7
Teb chaws Europe (Eu)
Europium oxide hmoov (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
Europium oxide feem ntau yog siv rau phosphors (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
Xyoo 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay nrhiav tau ib lub caij tshiab los ntawm "samarium", hu ua Europium. Qhov no tej zaum muaj npe tom qab lo lus Europe. Europium oxide feem ntau yog siv rau fluorescent hmoov. Eu3+ yog siv los ua activator ntawm liab phosphor, thiab Eu2+ yog siv los ua xiav phosphor. Tam sim no Y2O2S: Eu3+ yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws phosphor nyob rau hauv luminous efficiency, txheej stability thiab recycling nqi. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau siv dav vim yog kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis xws li kev txhim kho luminous efficiency thiab sib piv. Europium oxide kuj tau siv los ua emission phosphor rau kev kuaj mob X-ray tshiab nyob rau xyoo tas los no. Europium oxide kuj tseem siv tau rau kev tsim cov xim lo ntsiab muag thiab cov ntxaij lim dej kho qhov muag, rau cov khoom siv sib nqus npuas, Nws tuaj yeem qhia nws cov txuj ci hauv kev tswj cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov atomic reactors.
8
Gadolinium (Gd) Cov.
Gadolinium thiab nws cov isotopes yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws neutron absorbers thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua inhibitors ntawm nuclear reactors. (data map)
(1) Nws cov dej-soluble paramagnetic complex tuaj yeem txhim kho NMR duab teeb liab ntawm tib neeg lub cev hauv kev kho mob.
(2) Nws cov sulfur oxide tuaj yeem siv los ua daim phiaj matrix ntawm oscilloscope raj thiab X-ray screen nrog qhov ci tshwj xeeb.
(3) Gadolinium nyob rau hauv Gadolinium Gallium Garnet yog ib qho zoo tagnrho substrate rau npuas nco.
(4) Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom sib nqus hlau tub yees nruab nrab yam tsis muaj Camot lub voj voog txwv.
(5) Nws yog siv los ua tus inhibitor los tswj cov kab sib txuas ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear.
(6) Nws yog siv los ua ib qho ntxiv ntawm samarium cobalt hlau nplaum los xyuas kom meej tias qhov kev ua tau zoo tsis hloov nrog qhov kub thiab txias.
9
Terbium (Tb)
Terbium oxide hmoov (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
Daim ntawv thov ntawm terbium feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog high-tech teb, uas yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab nrog kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev paub-intensive, nrog rau qhov project nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam, nrog rau kev nthuav dav txaus nyiam.
(1) Phosphors yog siv los ua activators ntsuab hmoov nyob rau hauv tricolor phosphors, xws li terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix thiab terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, uas tag nrho cov emit ntsuab lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub xeev siab.
(2) Magneto-optical cia khoom. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, terbium magneto-optical cov ntaub ntawv tau mus txog qhov ntsuas ntawm cov khoom loj. Magneto-optical discs ua los ntawm Tb-Fe amorphous films yog siv los ua lub computer cia khoom, thiab lub peev xwm cia tau nce 10 ~ 15 zaug.
(3) Magneto-optical iav, terbium-muaj Faraday rotatory iav yog cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev tsim rotators, cais thiab annulators uas tau siv dav hauv laser tshuab. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm TerFenol tau qhib ib daim ntawv thov tshiab ntawm Terfenol, uas yog ib yam khoom tshiab pom nyob rau hauv 1970s. Ib nrab ntawm cov hlau no muaj terbium thiab dysprosium, qee zaum nrog holmium thiab tus so yog hlau.Cov hlau yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm Ames Laboratory hauv Iowa, USA. Thaum Terfenol muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw sib nqus, nws qhov loj me hloov pauv ntau dua li cov khoom sib nqus zoo tib yam, uas tuaj yeem ua rau qee qhov kev txav mus los tau. Terbium dysprosium hlau yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv sonar thaum xub thawj, thiab tau dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb tam sim no.Los ntawm roj txhaj system, kua valve tswj, micro-txoj hauj lwm, mus rau mechanical actuators, mechanisms thiab tis regulators rau aircraft chaw telescopes.
10
Dy (Dy)
Hlau dysprosium (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
(1) Raws li ib qho ntxiv ntawm NdFeB cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, ntxiv txog 2 ~ 3% dysprosium rau cov hlau nplaum no tuaj yeem txhim kho nws lub zog quab yuam. Yav dhau los, qhov kev thov rau dysprosium tsis loj, tab sis nrog kev xav tau ntawm NdFeB hlau nplaum, nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom tsim nyog ntxiv, thiab qib yuav tsum yog li 95 ~ 99.9%, thiab qhov kev thov kuj tau nce sai.
(2) Dysprosium yog siv los ua tus activator ntawm phosphor. Trivalent dysprosium yog ib qho kev cog lus ua kom ion ntawm tricolor luminescent cov ntaub ntawv nrog ib qho chaw luminescent. Nws tsuas yog muaj ob lub emission bands, ib qho yog daj lub teeb emission, lwm yam yog xiav lub teeb emission. Cov ntaub ntawv luminescent doped nrog dysprosium tuaj yeem siv ua tricolor phosphors.
(3) Dysprosium yog cov khoom siv hlau tsim nyog rau kev npaj Terfenol alloy hauv magnetostrictive alloy, uas tuaj yeem paub qee yam kev ua ub no ntawm kev siv tshuab txav. (4) Dysprosium hlau tuaj yeem siv los ua magneto-optical cia cov ntaub ntawv nrog kev ceev ceev thiab kev nyeem ntawv rhiab heev.
(5) Siv nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm dysprosium teeb, cov khoom siv ua haujlwm hauv dysprosium teeb yog dysprosium iodide, uas muaj qhov zoo ntawm qhov ci ci, xim zoo, xim kub kub, me me, ruaj khov arc thiab lwm yam, thiab tau siv los ua cov khoom siv zoo. raws li lub teeb pom kev zoo rau zaj duab xis thiab luam ntawv.
(6) Dysprosium yog siv los ntsuas neutron zog spectrum los yog neutron absorber nyob rau hauv atomic zog kev lag luam vim nws loj neutron capture cross-sectional cheeb tsam.
(7) Dy3Al5O12 kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov khoom sib nqus ua haujlwm rau cov tub yees sib nqus. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, daim ntawv thov kev lag luam ntawm dysprosium yuav txuas ntxiv thiab txuas ntxiv mus.
11
Holmium (zeeg)
Ho-Fe alloy (daim ntawv qhia)
Tam sim no, daim ntawv thov teb ntawm cov hlau yuav tsum tau tsim ntxiv, thiab kev noj tsis loj heev. Tsis ntev los no, Lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb Lub Ntiaj Teb Rare ntawm Baotou Steel tau txais kev kub siab thiab siab nqus tshuab nqus tsev distillation purification, thiab tsim cov hlau purity siab Qin Ho/> RE> 99.9% nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.
Tam sim no, cov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov xauv yog:
(1) Raws li ib qho ntxiv ntawm hlau halogen teeb, hlau halogen teeb yog ib hom roj tso tawm teeb, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm high-pressure mercury teeb, thiab nws cov yam ntxwv yog hais tias lub teeb muaj ntau yam tsawg lub ntiaj teb halides. Tam sim no, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj iodides feem ntau yog siv, uas tawm cov kab sib txawv thaum cov pa tawm. Cov khoom siv ua haujlwm siv nyob rau hauv lub teeb hlau yog qiniodide, Cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm cov hlau atoms tuaj yeem tau txais hauv thaj tsam arc, yog li txhim kho cov hluav taws xob zoo heev.
(2) Hlau tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho ntxiv rau kev sau cov hlau lossis billion aluminium garnet
(3) Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) tuaj yeem tawm 2um laser, thiab qhov nqus ntawm 2um laser los ntawm tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg yog siab, yuav luag peb qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua li ntawm Hd: YAG. Yog li ntawd, thaum siv Ho: YAG laser rau kev kho mob, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab raug, tab sis kuj txo qhov thermal puas cheeb tsam rau me me. Cov nqaj dawb uas tsim los ntawm lub xauv siv lead ua tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov rog yam tsis tas yuav tsim cov cua sov ntau dhau, txhawm rau txo cov thermal puas rau cov ntaub so ntswg noj qab haus huv, nws tau tshaj tawm tias w-laser kev kho mob glaucoma hauv Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem txo qhov mob ntawm kev phais. ntawm 2um laser siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj tau mus txog thoob ntiaj teb, yog li nws yog tsim nyog los tsim thiab tsim no hom ntawm laser siv lead ua.
(4) Ib qho me me ntawm Cr kuj tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau hauv cov hlau nplaum magnetostrictive Terfenol-D kom txo tau qhov chaw sab nraud uas xav tau rau kev sib nqus magnetization.
(5) Tsis tas li ntawd, hlau doped fiber ntau tuaj yeem siv los ua fiber ntau laser, fiber ntau amplifier, fiber ntau sensor thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag, uas yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau tam sim no.
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Erbium (ER)
Erbium oxide hmoov (cov ntaub ntawv qhia)
(1) Lub teeb emission ntawm Er3 + ntawm 1550nm yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, vim tias qhov wavelength no nyob ntawm qhov poob qis tshaj plaws ntawm fiber ntau hauv kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau. Tom qab tau txais kev zoo siab los ntawm 980nm thiab 1480nm lub teeb, lub bait ion (Er3 +) transits los ntawm hauv av xeev 4115 / 2 mus rau lub high-zog lub xeev 4I13 / 2. Thaum Er3 + nyob rau hauv lub high-zog lub xeev hloov rov qab mus rau hauv av xeev, Nws emits 1550nm teeb. Quartz fiber ntau tuaj yeem xa cov teeb pom kev sib txawv ntawm cov wavelengths, Txawm li cas los xij, optical attenuation tus nqi ntawm 1550nm band yog qhov qis tshaj (0.15 dB / km), uas yog yuav luag qis qis qis attenuation tus nqi.Yog li ntawd, qhov poob ntawm optical fiber kev sib txuas lus yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thaum Nws yog siv los ua teeb liab teeb liab ntawm 1550 nm.Yog li no, yog tias qhov tsim nyog cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv qhov tsim nyog matrix, lub amplifier tuaj yeem them nyiaj poob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus laser, yog li ntawd, hauv kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj. xav tau kom nthuav dav 1550nm optical teeb liab, cov kab doped fiber ntau amplifier yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag tseem ceeb. Tam sim no, cov khoom siv doped silica fiber ntau tau ua lag luam.Nws tau tshaj tawm tias txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev nqus tsis zoo, cov nyiaj doped hauv optical fiber ntau yog kaum rau pua pua ppm.Qhov kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau yuav qhib rau daim ntawv thov tshiab. .
(2) (2) Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab laum doped laser siv lead ua thiab nws cov zis 1730nm laser thiab 1550nm laser muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg lub qhov muag, zoo atmospheric kis tau tus mob, muaj zog nkag tau mus rau battlefield pa luam yeeb, kev ruaj ntseg zoo, tsis yooj yim mus kuaj los ntawm lub yeeb ncuab, thiab qhov sib piv ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm cov tub rog lub hom phiaj yog loj. Nws tau raug tsim los rau hauv lub portable laser rangefinder uas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg lub qhov muag hauv kev siv tub rog.
(3) (3) Er3 + tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau hauv iav kom tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb iav laser cov khoom, uas yog cov khoom siv laser nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj tshaj plaws thiab lub zog tso zis ntau tshaj.
(4) Er3 + kuj tseem siv tau los ua ion nquag hauv cov khoom siv laser tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb.
(5) (5) Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv kuj tuaj yeem siv rau decolorization thiab xim ntawm cov iav iav thiab iav siv lead ua.
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Thulium (TM)
Tom qab irradiated nyob rau hauv ib tug nuclear reactor, thulium tsim ib tug isotope uas yuav emit X-ray, uas yuav siv tau raws li ib tug portable X-ray qhov chaw.(Data map)
(1)TM yog siv los ua qhov chaw ntawm lub tshuab X-ray portable. Tom qab irradiated nyob rau hauv nuclear reactor,TMtsim ib hom isotope uas muaj peev xwm emit X-ray, uas yuav siv tau los ua portable ntshav irradiator. Hom xov tooj cua no tuaj yeem hloov yu-169 rau hauvTM-170 nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua ntawm siab thiab nruab nrab beam, thiab radiate X-ray kom irradiate ntshav thiab txo cov qe ntshav dawb. Nws yog cov qe ntshav dawb uas ua rau tsis lees txais kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev, txhawm rau txo qhov tsis lees paub thaum ntxov ntawm cov kabmob.
(2) (2)TMkuj tseem tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob ntawm cov qog vim tias nws cov affinity siab rau cov qog nqaij hlav, hnyav lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj tshaj li lub teeb tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov affinity ntawm Yu yog qhov loj tshaj plaws.
(3) (3) X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (xiav) yog siv los ua activator nyob rau hauv lub phosphor ntawm X-ray sensitization screen los txhim kho qhov muag rhiab heev, yog li txo qhov raug thiab raug mob ntawm X-ray rau tib neeg beings × Cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob yog 50%, uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob.
(4) (4) Lub teeb hlau halide tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom ntxiv hauv qhov chaw teeb pom kev tshiab.
(5) (5) Tm3 + tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau hauv iav kom tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb iav laser cov khoom, uas yog cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev laser nrog cov zis ntau tshaj plaws thiab lub zog tso zis ntau tshaj.Tm3 + kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ion ua kom muaj zog. ntawm tsawg ntiaj teb upconversion laser cov ntaub ntawv.
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Ytterbium (Yb)
Ytterbium hlau (daim duab qhia chaw)
(1) Raws li cov khoom siv thermal shielding txheej.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias daim iav tuaj yeem txhim kho corrosion ntawm electrodeposited zinc txheej pom tseeb, thiab cov lis loj ntawm txheej nrog daim iav yog me dua li cov txheej tsis muaj daim iav.
(2) Raws li cov khoom siv magnetostrictive.Cov khoom no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm magnetostriction loj heev, uas yog, nthuav dav hauv magnetic teb.The alloy yog tsim los ntawm daim iav / ferrite alloy thiab dysprosium / ferrite alloy, thiab ib feem ntawm manganese ntxiv rau tsim loj magnetostriction.
(3) Daim iav iav siv rau kev ntsuas siab. Cov kev sim qhia tau hais tias qhov rhiab heev ntawm daim iav lub ntsiab yog siab nyob rau hauv lub calibrated siab ntau yam, uas qhib ib txoj kev tshiab rau daim ntawv thov ntawm daim iav nyob rau hauv lub siab ntsuas.
(4) Resin-based fillings rau kab noj hniav ntawm cov molars los hloov cov nyiaj amalgam feem ntau siv yav dhau los.
(5) Cov kws tshawb fawb Nyij Pooj tau ua tiav qhov kev npaj ntawm daim iav-doped vanadium បាត garnet embedded kab waveguide laser, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm laser technology. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim iav kuj tseem siv rau fluorescent hmoov activator, xov tooj cua ceramics, hluav taws xob lub computer nco lub caij (sib nqus npuas) additive, iav fiber ntau flux thiab optical iav additive, thiab lwm yam.
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Lutetium (Lu)
Lutetium oxide hmoov (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
Yttrium lutetium silicate siv lead ua (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
(1) ua qee qhov tshwj xeeb alloys. Piv txwv li, lutetium aluminium alloy yuav siv tau rau neutron activation tsom xam.
(2) ruaj khov lutetium nuclides ua lub luag haujlwm catalytic hauv roj av tawg, alkylation, hydrogenation thiab polymerization.
(3) Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm yttrium hlau los yog yttrium aluminium garnet tuaj yeem txhim kho qee yam khoom.
(4) Raw khoom ntawm magnetic npuas reservoir.
(5) Cov khoom siv ua haujlwm sib xyaw ua ke, lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate, belongs rau cov kev lag luam ntawm ntsev tov txias siv lead ua kev loj hlob. Cov kev sim qhia tau hais tias lutetium-doped NYAB siv lead ua yog superior rau NYAB siv lead ua nyob rau hauv optical uniformity thiab laser kev ua tau zoo.
(6) Nws tau pom tias lutetium muaj peev xwm siv tau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob electrochromic thiab qis-dimensional molecular semiconductors. Tsis tas li ntawd, lutetium kuj tseem siv rau hauv lub zog roj teeb technology thiab activator ntawm phosphor.
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Yttrium (y)
Yttrium yog siv dav, yttrium aluminium garnet tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv laser, yttrium hlau garnet yog siv rau microwave technology thiab acoustic zog hloov, thiab europium-doped yttrium vanadate thiab europium-doped yttrium oxide yog siv los ua phosphors rau xim TV teeb. (data map)
(1) Additives rau hlau thiab non-ferrous alloys. FeCr alloy feem ntau muaj 0.5-4% yttrium, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidation tsis kam thiab ductility ntawm cov hlau stainless; Cov khoom zoo ntawm MB26 alloy yog pom tseeb los ntawm kev ntxiv cov nyiaj tsim nyog ntawm yttrium-nplua nuj sib xyaw tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb, uas tuaj yeem hloov qee qhov nruab nrab-muaj zog aluminium alloys thiab siv rau hauv cov khoom hnyav ntawm cov dav hlau. Ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm yttrium-nplua nuj tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb rau hauv Al-Zr alloy, Cov conductivity ntawm cov hlau no tuaj yeem txhim kho; Lub alloy tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab xaim hauv Suav teb. Ntxiv yttrium rau hauv tooj liab alloy txhim kho conductivity thiab mechanical zog.
(2) Silicon nitride ceramic khoom uas muaj 6% yttrium thiab 2% txhuas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov khoom siv cav.
(3) Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser beam nrog lub zog ntawm 400 watts yog siv los laum, txiav thiab vuam cov khoom loj.
(4) Lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm Y-Al garnet ib leeg siv lead ua muaj lub teeb ci siab fluorescence, tsis nqus ntawm lub teeb tawg, thiab qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam thiab txhua yam hnav tsis kam.
(5) High YTTRium qauv alloy muaj 90%
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conductive material, uas attracts ntau xim tam sim no, tseem ceeb heev rau zus tau tej cov roj hlwb, electrolytic hlwb thiab roj sensors uas yuav tsum tau high hydrogen solubility. Tsis tas li ntawd, yttrium kuj tseem siv los ua cov khoom siv kub-kub txau, diluent rau atomic reactor roj, ib qho ntxiv rau cov khoom sib nqus mus tas li, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv kev lag luam.
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Scandium (Sc)
Hlau scandium (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)
Piv nrog yttrium thiab lanthanide cov ntsiab lus, scandium muaj qhov tshwj xeeb me me ionic vojvoog thiab qhov tshwj xeeb tsis muaj zog alkalinity ntawm hydroxide. Yog li ntawd, thaum scandium thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb sib xyaw ua ke, scandium yuav ua ntej thaum kho nrog ammonia (lossis tsis tshua muaj alkali dilute), yog li nws tuaj yeem yooj yim sib cais los ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj los ntawm txoj kev "feem ntau nag lossis daus". Lwm txoj kev yog siv cov polarization decomposition ntawm nitrate rau kev sib cais.Scandium nitrate yog qhov yooj yim tshaj rau decompose, yog li ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib cais.
Sc tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm electrolysis. ScCl3, KCl thiab LiCl yog co-melted thaum lub sij hawm scandium refining, thiab cov zinc molten yog siv los ua cathode rau electrolysis, kom scandium yog precipitated ntawm zinc electrode, thiab ces cov zinc yog evaporated kom tau scandium. Tsis tas li ntawd, scandium tau rov qab tau yooj yim thaum ua cov ore los tsim cov uranium, thorium thiab lanthanide. Kev rov qab ua tiav ntawm kev txuam nrog scandium los ntawm tungsten thiab tin ore kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm scandium.Scandium yog mainly nyob rau hauv trivalent lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub compound, uas yog yooj yim oxidized rau hauv Sc2O3 nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab poob nws metallic luster thiab hloov mus rau hauv maub grey.
Cov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm scandium yog:
(1) Scandium tuaj yeem ua rau cov dej kub tso tawm hydrogen, thiab tseem soluble hauv cov kua qaub, yog li nws yog tus neeg sawv cev muaj zog.
(2) Scandium oxide thiab hydroxide tsuas yog alkaline, tab sis nws cov tshauv ntsev tsis tuaj yeem ua rau hydrolyzed. Scandium chloride yog siv lead ua dawb, soluble hauv dej thiab deliquescent hauv huab cua. (3) Hauv kev lag luam metallurgical, scandium feem ntau yog siv los ua cov alloys (additives ntawm alloys) los txhim kho lub zog, hardness, kub tsis kam thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm alloys. Piv txwv li, ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm scandium rau molten hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cam khwb cia hlau, thaum ntxiv me me ntawm scandium rau txhuas tuaj yeem txhim kho nws lub zog thiab kub tsis kam.
(4) Hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob, scandium tuaj yeem siv los ua ntau yam khoom siv semiconductor. Piv txwv li, daim ntawv thov ntawm scandium sulfite nyob rau hauv semiconductors tau nyiam nyob rau hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, thiab ferrite uas muaj scandium kuj tau cog lus nyob rau hauv.computer magnetic cores.
(5) Hauv kev lag luam chemical, scandium compound yog siv los ua cov dej cawv dehydrogenation thiab lub cev qhuav dej, uas yog ib qho zoo rau kev tsim cov ethylene thiab chlorine los ntawm cov khib nyiab hydrochloric acid.
(6) Hauv kev lag luam iav, tsom iav tshwj xeeb uas muaj scandium tuaj yeem tsim.
(7) Hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob teeb pom kev zoo, scandium thiab sodium teeb ua los ntawm scandium thiab sodium muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab thiab zoo lub teeb xim.
(8) Scandium muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm 45Sc nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cuaj hluav taws xob isotopes ntawm Scandium, uas yog 40 ~ 44Sc thiab 46 ~ 49Sc. Ntawm lawv, 46Sc, raws li tus neeg taug qab, tau siv hauv kev lag luam chemical, metallurgy thiab dej hiav txwv. Hauv tshuaj, muaj cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas kawm siv 46Sc los kho mob qog noj ntshav.
Lub sij hawm xa tuaj: Plaub Hlis-04-2022