Khawv koob Rare Earth Element: "King of Permanent Magnet"-Neodymium

bastnasite

Neodymium, atomic tooj 60, atomic hnyav 144.24, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.00239% nyob rau hauv lub crust, feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv monazite thiab bastnaesite. Muaj xya isotopes ntawm neodymium nyob rau hauv cov xwm: neodymium 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 thiab 150, ntawm cov neodymium 142 muaj cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws. Nrog yug ntawm praseodymium, neodymium tau los ua. Kev tuaj txog ntawm neodymium tau qhib lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj teb thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws.Thiab cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj kev lag luam.

Discovery ntawm Neodymium

Karl Orvon Welsbach (1858-1929), tus neeg nrhiav pom ntawm neodymium

Xyoo 1885, Austrian chemist Carl Orvon Welsbach Carl Auer von Welsbach nrhiav pom neodymium hauv Vienna. Nws cais neodymium thiab praseodymium los ntawm symmetric neodymium cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev sib cais thiab crystallizing ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate los ntawm nitric acid, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm sib cais los ntawm spectral tsom xam, tab sis nws tsis tau muab cais nyob rau hauv ib tug ntshiab daim ntawv mus txog rau thaum 1925.

Txij li xyoo 1950s, siab purity neodymium (tshaj 99%) tau txais los ntawm ion txauv txheej txheem ntawm monazite. Cov hlau nws tus kheej yog tau los ntawm electrolyzing nws halide ntsev. Tam sim no, feem ntau neodymium yog muab rho tawm los ntawm (Ce, La, Nd, Pr) CO3F nyob rau hauv basta Nathanite thiab purified los ntawm hnyav extraction. Ion txauv purification cia uas siab tshaj plaws purity (feem ntau> 99.99%) rau kev npaj.Vim tias nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tshem tawm qhov kawg kab ntawm praseodymium nyob rau hauv lub era thaum tsim nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam crystallization technology, lub thaum ntxov neodymium iav tsim nyob rau hauv 1930s muaj ib tug purer ntshav xim. thiab xim liab lossis txiv kab ntxwv ntau dua li cov niaj hnub version.

Neodymium hlau

Metallic neodymium muaj ci xim xim hlau ci, melting point ntawm 1024 ° C, ntom ntawm 7.004 g / cm, thiab paramagnetism. Neodymium yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, uas sai sai oxidizes thiab darkens nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, ces tsim ib tug oxide txheej thiab ces peels tawm, exposing cov hlau mus ntxiv oxidation. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv neodymium nrog qhov loj ntawm ib centimeter yog oxidized tag nrho hauv ib xyoos. Nws reacts maj mam hauv dej txias thiab sai sai hauv dej kub.

Neodymium hluav taws xob configuration

Electronic configuration:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4

Lub laser kev ua tau zoo ntawm neodymium yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov ntawm 4f orbital electrons ntawm ntau qib zog. Cov khoom siv laser no tau siv dav hauv kev sib txuas lus, cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, kev kho mob, machining, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, yttrium aluminium garnet Y3Al5O12: Nd (YAG: Nd) yog dav siv nrog kev ua tau zoo, thiab Nd-doped gadolinium scandium gallium garnet nrog ntau dua. efficiency.

Kev siv ntawm Neodymium

Cov neeg siv loj tshaj plaws ntawm neodymium yog NdFeB cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov. NdFeB hlau nplaum yog hu ua "tus huab tais ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov" vim nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib nqus siab. Nws yog dav siv hauv electronics, machinery thiab lwm yam lag luam rau nws cov kev ua tau zoo heev. Francis Wall, tus xibfwb ntawm kev siv mining ntawm Cumberland School of Mining, University of Exeter, UK, tau hais tias: "Hais txog cov hlau nplaum, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas tuaj yeem sib tw nrog neodymium.Qhov kev vam meej ntawm Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer qhia tau tias cov khoom sib nqus. ntawm NdFeB hlau nplaum nyob hauv Suav teb tau nkag mus rau qib ntiaj teb.

Neodymium hlau nplaum ntawm hard disk

Neodymium tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv ceramics, cov iav ci ci, cov khoom siv ruby ​​hauv laser thiab iav tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem lim cov kab hluav taws xob infrared. Siv ua ke nrog praseodymium los ua tsom iav rau iav tshuab.

Ntxiv 1.5% ~ 2.5% nano neodymium oxide rau hauv magnesium lossis aluminium alloy tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias, huab cua nruj thiab corrosion kuj ntawm cov hlau, thiab nws yog dav siv los ua aerospace khoom rau aviation.

Nano-yttrium aluminium garnet doped nrog nano-neodymium oxide tsim luv-yoj laser beam, uas yog dav siv rau vuam thiab txiav nyias cov ntaub ntawv nrog thickness hauv qab no 10 hli nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.

Nd: YAG laser rod

Hauv kev kho mob, nano yttrium aluminium garnet laser doped nrog nano neodymium oxide yog siv los tshem tawm cov qhov txhab phais lossis tshuaj tua kab mob es tsis txhob siv riam phais.

Neodymium iav yog tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv neodymium oxide rau hauv iav yaj. Lavender feem ntau tshwm nyob rau hauv neodymium iav nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci los yog incandescent teeb, tab sis lub teeb xiav tshwm nyob rau hauv fluorescent teeb illumination. Neodymium tuaj yeem siv los ua cov xim zoo nkauj ntawm cov iav xws li ntshiab violet, caw liab thiab sov grey.

neodymium iav

Nrog rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev nthuav dav thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, neodymium yuav muaj ntau qhov chaw siv.