Praseodymiumyog qhov thib peb tshaj plaws lanthanide keeb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov tshuaj cov ntsiab lus, nrog ib tug abundance ntawm 9.5 ppm nyob rau hauv lub crust, tsuas yog qis dua.cerium, yttrium,lanthanum, thiabscandium. Nws yog qhov thib tsib tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj. Tab sis zoo li nws lub npe,praseodymiumyog ib tug tswv cuab yooj yim thiab tsis muaj adorned ntawm tsev neeg tsawg hauv ntiaj teb.
CF Auer Von Welsbach nrhiav pom praseodymium hauv xyoo 1885.
Nyob rau hauv 1751, Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt pom ib tug hnyav ntxhia nyob rau hauv lub Bastn ä s mining cheeb tsam, uas yog tom qab lub npe hu ua cerite. Peb caug xyoo tom qab ntawd, muaj kaum tsib xyoos Vilhelm Hisinger los ntawm tsev neeg uas muaj lub mine tau xa nws cov qauv mus rau Carl Scheele, tab sis nws tsis pom cov ntsiab lus tshiab. Nyob rau hauv 1803, tom qab Singer los ua ib tug neeg hlau, nws rov qab mus rau lub mining cheeb tsam nrog J ö ns Jacob Berzelius thiab sib cais ib tug tshiab oxide, lub ntiaj chaw dwarf Ceres, uas lawv nrhiav tau ob xyoos dhau los. Ceria tau cais nws tus kheej los ntawm Martin Heinrich Klaproth hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees.
Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1839 thiab 1843, Swedish kws phais neeg thiab kws kho mob Carl Gustaf Mosander pom tiascerium oxideyog sib tov ntawm oxides. Nws tau cais ob lwm cov oxides, uas nws hu ua lanthana thiab didymia "didymia" (lub ntsiab lus "ntxaib" hauv Greek). Nws ib nrab decomposed lubcerium nitrateqauv los ntawm kev ci hauv huab cua, thiab tom qab ntawd kho nws nrog dilute nitric acid kom tau txais cov oxide. Cov hlau uas tsim cov oxides no yog li npelanthanumthiabpraseodymium.
Xyoo 1885, CF Auer Von Welsbach, tus neeg Austrian uas tau tsim lub thorium cerium vapor teeb gauze npog, tau ua tiav cov "praseodymium neodymium", "cov menyuam ntxaib sib txuas", los ntawm cov xim ntsuab praseodymium ntsev thiab Rose xim neodymium ntsev tau sib cais thiab txiav txim siab los ua. ob lub ntsiab lus tshiab. Ib tug yog hu ua "Praseodymium", uas los ntawm Greek lo lus prason, lub ntsiab lus ntsuab compound vim hais tias ib tug tov ntawm praseodymium ntsev dej yuav nthuav ib tug kaj ntsuab xim; Lwm lub ntsiab yog hu ua "Neodymium". Kev sib cais ua tiav ntawm "cov menyuam ntxaib sib koom ua ke" ua rau lawv nthuav tawm lawv cov txuj ci ntawm nws tus kheej.
Nyiaj dawb hlau, mos thiab du. Praseodymium muaj hexagonal siv lead ua qauv ntawm chav tsev kub. Kev tiv thaiv corrosion hauv huab cua yog muaj zog tshaj li ntawm lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, thiab europium, tab sis thaum raug huab cua, ib txheej ntawm fragile dub oxide raug tsim, thiab ib tug centimeter qhov luaj li cas praseodymium hlau qauv tag corrodes nyob rau hauv ib xyoos.
Zoo li feem ntautsawg ntiaj teb yam, praseodymium feem ntau yuav tsim ib lub xeev + 3 oxidation, uas yog nws tsuas yog lub xeev ruaj khov nyob rau hauv aqueous daws. Praseodymium muaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev + 4 oxidation nyob rau hauv ib co paub cov khoom sib txuas, thiab nyob rau hauv matrix sib cais tej yam kev mob, nws muaj peev xwm ncav cuag ib tug tshwj xeeb + 5 oxidation xeev ntawm lanthanide hais.
Lub aqueous praseodymium ion yog chartreuse, thiab ntau kev lag luam siv praseodymium koom nrog nws lub peev xwm los lim lub teeb daj hauv qhov chaw teeb.
Praseodymium hluav taws xob layout
Electronic emissions:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
Lub 59 electrons ntawm praseodymium yog teem raws li [Xe] 4f36s2. Raws li kev xav, tag nrho tsib lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab nraud tuaj yeem siv los ua valence electron, tab sis kev siv tag nrho tsib lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab nraud yuav tsum muaj huab cua. Feem ntau, praseodymium tsuas yog tawm peb lossis plaub lub electrons hauv nws cov tebchaw. Praseodymium yog thawj lub caij lanthanide nrog kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob uas ua raws li Aufbau txoj cai. Nws 4f orbital muaj qis zog dua li 5d orbital, uas tsis muaj feem xyuam rau lanthanum thiab cerium, vim tias qhov kev cog lus tam sim ntawd ntawm 4f orbital tsis tshwm sim txog thaum tom qab lanthanum thiab tsis txaus kom tsis txhob tuav lub 5d plhaub hauv cerium. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom praseodymium nthuav tawm ib qho [Xe] 4f25d16s2 teeb tsa, qhov twg ib qho hluav taws xob hauv 5d plhaub zoo li tag nrho lwm cov ntsiab lus trivalent lanthanide (tshwj tsis yog europium thiab ytterbium, uas yog divalent hauv metallic xeev).
Zoo li feem ntau cov ntsiab lus lanthanide, praseodymium feem ntau tsuas yog siv peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob li valence electron, thiab cov 4f electrons ntxiv tau muaj zog binding nyhuv: qhov no yog vim 4f orbit dhau los ntawm inert xenon core ntawm electron mus txog lub nucleus, ua raws li 5d thiab 6s. , thiab nce nrog nce ntawm ionic nqi. Txawm li cas los xij, praseodymium tseem tuaj yeem poob qhov thib plaub thiab txawm tias qee zaus lub thib tsib valence electron, vim tias nws tshwm sim thaum ntxov hauv cov kab ke lanthanide, qhov twg cov nqi hluav taws xob tseem tsawg txaus, thiab 4f subshell lub zog yog siab txaus los tso cai tshem tawm. ntau valence electron.
Praseodymium thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus lanthanide (tshwj tsis yoglanthanum, ytterbiumthiablutetium, tsis muaj 4f electrons unpaired) yog paramagnetism ntawm chav tsev kub. Tsis zoo li lwm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb uas nthuav tawm antiferromagnetic los yog ferromagnetic xaj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, praseodymium yog paramagnetism ntawm txhua qhov kub siab tshaj 1K.
Kev siv Praseodymium
Praseodymium feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm sib xyaw tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb, xws li raws li ib tug purifying thiab hloov kho tus neeg sawv cev rau hlau cov ntaub ntawv, tshuaj catalysts, ua liaj ua teb tsawg earths, thiab hais txog.Praseodymium yog neodymiumyog qhov zoo sib xws thiab nyuaj rau kev sib cais khub ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus, uas nyuaj rau kev sib cais los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj. Kev tsim khoom lag luam feem ntau siv kev rho tawm thiab kev sib pauv ion. Yog tias lawv tau siv ua khub hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev nplua nuj praseodymium neodymium, lawv cov kev sib raug zoo tuaj yeem siv tau tag nrho, thiab tus nqi kuj pheej yig dua li cov khoom lag luam.
Praseodymium neodymium alloy(praseodymium neodymium hlau)tau dhau los ua cov khoom lag luam ywj pheej, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua ob qho khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov thiab kev hloov kho ntxiv rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Cov kev ua, kev xaiv thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov roj av cracking catalyst tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv praseodymium neodymium concentrate rau hauv Y zeolite molecular sieve. Raws li kev hloov kho yas ntxiv, ntxiv praseodymium neodymium enrichment rau polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov hnav tsis kam ntawm PTFE.
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebCov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv thov hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hnub no. Praseodymium ib leeg tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws raws li cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov, tab sis nws yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke zoo heev uas tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom sib nqus. Ntxiv qhov tsim nyog ntawm praseodymium tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Nws tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho cov kev ua haujlwm antioxidant (cua corrosion kuj) thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov hlau nplaum, thiab tau siv dav hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab lub cev muaj zog.
Praseodymium kuj tseem siv tau rau kev sib tsoo thiab polishing cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li peb txhua tus paub, ntshiab cerium raws li polishing hmoov feem ntau yog lub teeb daj, uas yog cov khoom siv polishing zoo rau cov iav kho qhov muag, thiab tau hloov cov hlau oxide liab hmoov uas muaj polishing efficiency thiab pollutes qhov chaw tsim khoom. Cov neeg tau pom tias praseodymium muaj cov khoom zoo polishing. Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb polishing hmoov uas muaj praseodymium yuav tshwm liab xim av, tseem hu ua "liab hmoov", tab sis cov xim liab no tsis yog hlau oxide liab, tab sis vim muaj cov praseodymium oxide, xim ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj polishing hmoov yuav tsaus dua. Praseodymium kuj tau siv los ua cov khoom sib tsoo tshiab los ua corundum sib tsoo lub log uas muaj praseodymium. Piv nrog cov alumina dawb, kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab ua haujlwm ntev tuaj yeem txhim kho ntau dua 30% thaum sib tsoo cov qauv hlau, stainless hlau, thiab cov khoom kub kub. Txhawm rau txo cov nqi, praseodymium neodymium enriched cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau tau siv los ua cov khoom siv yav dhau los, yog li lub npe praseodymium neodymium corundum sib tsoo log.
Silicate crystals doped nrog praseodymium ions tau siv los ua kom qeeb lub teeb pulses mus rau ntau pua meters ib ob.
Ntxiv praseodymium oxide rau zirconium silicate yuav tig daj daj thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov xim ceramic - praseodymium daj. Praseodymium daj (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) yog suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws daj ceramic pigment, uas tseem nyob ruaj khov ntawm txog 1000 ℃ thiab tuaj yeem siv rau ib zaug lossis rov ua cov txheej txheem.
Praseodymium kuj tseem siv los ua iav xim, nrog cov xim nplua nuj thiab muaj peev xwm ua lag luam zoo. Praseodymium ntsuab iav khoom nrog ci ntsuab leek ntsuab thiab scallion ntsuab xim tuaj yeem tsim tau, uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov ntxaij lim dej ntsuab thiab tseem siv rau kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua iav. Ntxiv praseodymium oxide thiab cerium oxide rau iav tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tsom iav rau vuam. Praseodymium sulfide kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov xim yas ntsuab.
Post lub sij hawm: May-29-2023