Terbiumbelongs rau qeb ntawm hnyavtsawg ntiaj teb, nrog ib tug tsawg abundance nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust ntawm tsuas yog 1.1 ppm. Terbium oxide tso nyiaj tsawg dua 0.01% ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv high yttrium ion hom hnyav tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb ore nrog cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm terbium, cov ntsiab lus terbium tsuas yog 1.1-1.2% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, qhia tias nws yog "noble" qeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb. Rau ntau tshaj 100 xyoo txij li thaum nrhiav tau ntawm terbium nyob rau hauv 1843, nws tsis txaus thiab tus nqi tau tiv thaiv nws cov tswv yim siv tau ntev. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 30 xyoo dhau los uas terbium tau qhia nws cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb.
Nrhiav keeb kwm
Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander pom terbium hauv 1843. Nws pom nws cov impurities hauvYttrium (III) oxidethiaby2o3 ua. Yttrium muaj npe tom qab lub zos ntawm Ytterby hauv Sweden. Ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm ion pauv tshuab, terbium tsis raug cais tawm hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab.
Mosant thawj faib Yttrium (III) oxide rau hauv peb qhov chaw, tag nrho cov npe tom qab ores: Yttrium (III) oxide,Erbium (III) oxide, thiab terbium oxide. Terbium oxide yog Ameslikas tsim los ntawm ib feem liab, vim lub caij tam sim no hu ua erbium. "Erbium (III) oxide" (nrog rau qhov peb tam sim no hu ua terbium) yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis muaj xim hauv cov tshuaj. Lub insoluble oxide ntawm cov khoom no yog suav tias yog xim av.
Tom qab ntawd cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov tsis muaj xim me me "Erbium(III) oxide", tab sis qhov soluble liab tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Kev sib cav txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm Erbium (III) oxide tau tshwm sim ntau zaus. Hauv kev ntxhov siab, thawj lub npe tau thim rov qab thiab kev sib pauv ntawm cov npe tau daig, yog li cov paj yeeb thaum kawg tau hais tias yog cov tshuaj uas muaj erbium (hauv cov tshuaj, nws yog liab). Tam sim no ntseeg tau tias cov neeg ua haujlwm siv sodium bisulfate lossis Potassium sulfate nojCerium (IV) oxidetawm ntawm Yttrium (III) oxide thiab unintentionally tig terbium mus rau hauv ib tug sediment uas muaj cerium. Tsuas yog li ntawm 1% ntawm thawj Yttrium (III) oxide, tam sim no hu ua "terbium", yog txaus kom dhau xim daj rau Yttrium (III) oxide. Yog li ntawd, terbium yog cov khoom siv thib ob uas pib muaj nws, thiab nws tau tswj hwm los ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze tam sim ntawd, gadolinium thiab dysprosium.
Tom qab ntawd, thaum twg lwm yam tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tau sib cais los ntawm qhov sib xyaw no, tsis hais txog qhov sib faib ntawm cov oxide, lub npe ntawm terbium tau khaws cia kom txog thaum kawg, xim av oxide ntawm terbium tau txais hauv daim ntawv ntshiab. Cov kws tshawb fawb nyob rau xyoo pua 19th tsis tau siv tshuab ultraviolet fluorescence los soj ntsuam cov xim daj lossis ntsuab nodules (III), ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau terbium kom lees paub hauv cov khoom sib tov lossis cov kev daws teeb meem.
Electron configuration
Electron configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Electron configuration ntawm terbium yog [Xe] 6s24f9. Feem ntau, tsuas yog peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm ua ntej cov nqi hluav taws xob loj dhau los ua ionized ntxiv, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm terbium, semi-filled terbium tso cai rau plaub electron ntxiv ionized nyob rau hauv muaj cov oxidants muaj zog heev xws li fluorine gas.
Terbium yog nyiaj dawb tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb hlau nrog ductility, toughness, thiab softness uas yuav txiav nrog ib tug riam. Melting point 1360 ℃, boiling point 3123 ℃, ceev 8229 4kg / m3. Piv nrog rau Lanthanide thaum ntxov, nws yog qhov ruaj khov hauv huab cua. Raws li cuaj lub caij ntawm Lanthanide, terbium yog cov hlau uas muaj hluav taws xob muaj zog. Nws reacts nrog dej los tsim hydrogen.
Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, terbium yeej tsis tau pom tias yog cov khoom dawb, ib qho me me uas muaj nyob hauv phosphocerium thorium xuab zeb thiab Gadolinite. Terbium coexists nrog rau lwm yam tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus hauv monazite xuab zeb, nrog rau feem ntau 0.03% terbium cov ntsiab lus. Lwm qhov chaw yog Xenotime thiab dub tsis tshua muaj kub ores, ob qho tib si yog cov sib xyaw ntawm oxides thiab muaj txog li 1% terbium.
Daim ntawv thov
Daim ntawv thov ntawm terbium feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv tshuab thev naus laus zis, uas yog cov thev naus laus zis siv zog thiab kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm siab, nrog rau cov haujlwm uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam, nrog rau kev nthuav dav txaus nyiam.
Cov chaw thov tseem ceeb suav nrog:
(1) Siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mixed tsawg earths. Piv txwv li, nws yog siv raws li lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj compound fertilizer thiab pub additive rau kev ua liaj ua teb.
(2) Activator rau ntsuab hmoov nyob rau hauv peb thawj fluorescent hmoov. Niaj hnub nimno optoelectronic cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv peb lub hauv paus xim ntawm phosphors, uas yog liab, ntsuab, thiab xiav, uas yuav siv tau los ua ke ntau yam xim. Thiab terbium yog ib qho khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov hmoov zoo ntsuab fluorescent.
(3) Siv los ua cov khoom siv kho qhov muag magneto. Amorphous hlau terbium hloov pauv hlau alloy nyias zaj duab xis tau siv los tsim cov khoom siv magneto-optical discs.
(4) Kev tsim cov iav magneto optical iav. Faraday rotatory iav uas muaj terbium yog cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov rotators, cais, thiab cov circulators hauv laser technology.
(5) Kev txhim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) tau qhib cov ntawv thov tshiab rau terbium.
Rau kev ua liaj ua teb thiab tsiaj txhu
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb terbium tuaj yeem txhim kho cov qoob loo zoo thiab nce tus nqi ntawm photosynthesis nyob rau hauv ib qho kev concentration ntau. Terbium complexes muaj kev ua haujlwm lom neeg siab. Ternary complexes ntawm terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo thiab cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis thiab Escherichia coli. Lawv muaj broad antibacterial spectrum. Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov complexes no muab kev tshawb fawb tshiab rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob niaj hnub no.
Siv nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm luminescence
Niaj hnub nimno optoelectronic cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv peb lub hauv paus xim ntawm phosphors, uas yog liab, ntsuab, thiab xiav, uas yuav siv tau los ua ke ntau yam xim. Thiab terbium yog ib qho khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov hmoov zoo ntsuab fluorescent. Yog hais tias yug ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj xim TV liab fluorescent hmoov tau txhawb qhov kev thov rau yttrium thiab europium, ces daim ntawv thov thiab kev loj hlob ntawm terbium tau nce los ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj peb thawj xim ntsuab fluorescent hmoov rau cov teeb. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1980, Philips tau tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj lub zog txuag hluav taws xob fluorescent teeb thiab sai sai txhawb nws thoob ntiaj teb. Tb3 + ions tuaj yeem tawm lub teeb ntsuab nrog lub wavelength ntawm 545nm, thiab yuav luag txhua lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj phosphors siv terbium ua tus activator.
Cov phosphor ntsuab rau xim TV cathode ray tube (CRT) yeej ib txwm ua raws li zinc sulfide, uas yog pheej yig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis cov hmoov terbium yeej ib txwm siv los ua cov phosphor ntsuab rau qhov projection xim TV, suav nrog Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3+, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+ and LaOBr ∶ Tb3+. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm lub vijtsam loj-txhais TV (HDTV), kev ua haujlwm siab ntsuab fluorescent hmoov rau CRTs kuj tau tsim. Piv txwv li, hybrid ntsuab fluorescent hmoov tau tsim tawm txawv teb chaws, muaj xws li Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, thiab Y2SiO5: Tb3+, uas muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo luminescence ntawm qhov ceev tam sim no.
Cov tshuaj X-ray fluorescent hmoov yog calcium tungstate. Hauv xyoo 1970 thiab 1980s, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj phosphors rau intensifying cov ntxaij vab tshaus tau tsim, xws li terbium activated sulfur Lanthanum oxide, terbium activated bromine Lanthanum oxide (rau cov ntxaij vab tshaus ntsuab), terbium activated sulfur Yttrium (III) oxide, thiab lwm yam. Muab piv nrog calcium t. Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb fluorescent hmoov tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm X-ray irradiation rau cov neeg mob los ntawm 80%, txhim kho cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm X-ray films, txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm X-ray raj, thiab txo kev siv zog. Terbium kuj tseem siv los ua cov tshuaj fluorescent hmoov activator rau kev kho mob X-ray txhim kho cov ntxaij vab tshaus, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov rhiab heev ntawm X-ray hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv cov duab kho qhov muag, txhim kho qhov pom tseeb ntawm X-ray films, thiab txo cov koob tshuaj X-ray zoo heev. rays rau tib neeg lub cev (los ntawm ntau tshaj 50%).
Terbium kuj tseem siv los ua tus activator hauv cov dawb LED phosphor zoo siab los ntawm lub teeb xiav rau lub teeb pom kev tshiab semiconductor. Nws tuaj yeem siv los tsim terbium aluminium magneto optical siv lead ua phosphors, siv lub teeb xiav emitting diodes li excitation teeb qhov chaw, thiab cov generated fluorescence yog tov nrog lub excitation teeb los tsim lub teeb dawb huv.
Cov ntaub ntawv electroluminescent ua los ntawm terbium feem ntau suav nrog Zinc sulfide ntsuab phosphor nrog terbium ua tus activator. Nyob rau hauv ultraviolet irradiation, organic complexes ntawm terbium tuaj yeem emit muaj zog ntsuab fluorescence thiab yuav siv tau raws li nyias zaj duab xis electroluminescent cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm hais tias qhov kev vam meej tseem ceeb tau ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj organic complex electroluminescent nyias zaj duab xis, tseem muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj organic complex electroluminescent nyias zaj duab xis thiab cov cuab yeej tseem nyob hauv qhov tob.
Cov yam ntxwv fluorescence ntawm terbium kuj tseem siv los ua fluorescence probes. Piv txwv li, Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) fluorescence sojntsuam tau siv los kawm txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) complex thiab DNA (DNA) los ntawm fluorescence spectrum thiab absorption spectrum, qhia tias Ofloxacin Tb3+ sojntsuam tuaj yeem tsim ib txoj hlua khi nrog DNA molecules. thiab DNA tuaj yeem txhim kho cov fluorescence ntawm Ofloxacin Tb3+ system. Raws li qhov kev hloov pauv no, DNA tuaj yeem txiav txim siab.
Rau cov khoom siv optical magneto
Cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov nyhuv Faraday, tseem hu ua magneto-optical cov ntaub ntawv, tau dav siv hauv lasers thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag. Muaj ob hom magneto optical cov ntaub ntawv: magneto optical crystals thiab magneto optical iav. Ntawm lawv, magneto-optical crystals (xws li Yttrium hlau garnet thiab terbium gallium garnet) muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm zaus thiab siab thermal stability, tab sis lawv kim thiab nyuaj rau kev tsim khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau lub magneto-optical crystals nrog siab Faraday rotation lub kaum sab xis muaj siab nqus nyob rau hauv lub luv yoj ntau yam, uas txwv tsis pub lawv siv. Piv nrog magneto optical crystals, magneto optical iav muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev xa tawm siab thiab yooj yim los ua cov blocks loj lossis fibers. Tam sim no, magneto-optical tsom iav nrog cov nyhuv Faraday siab yog cov tsom iav tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb ion doped.
Siv rau magneto optical cia khoom
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm multimedia thiab chaw ua haujlwm automation, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom muaj peev xwm magnetic discs tshiab tau nce ntxiv. Amorphous hlau terbium hloov pauv hlau alloy zaj duab xis tau siv los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo magneto-optical discs. Ntawm lawv, TbFeCo alloy nyias zaj duab xis muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Terbium raws li magneto-optical cov ntaub ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug loj scale, thiab magneto-optical discs ua los ntawm lawv yog siv raws li lub computer cia Cheebtsam, nrog cia muaj peev xwm nce 10-15 zaug. Lawv muaj qhov zoo ntawm lub peev xwm loj thiab kev nkag mus ceev ceev, thiab tuaj yeem muab so thiab coated kaum tawm txhiab lub sij hawm thaum siv rau high-density optical discs. Lawv yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm hauv hluav taws xob. Cov khoom siv magneto-optical feem ntau siv rau hauv qhov pom thiab ze-infrared bands yog Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) ib leeg siv lead ua, uas yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws magneto-optical rau kev ua Faraday rotators thiab isolators.
Rau magneto optical iav
Faraday magneto optical iav muaj qhov pom zoo thiab isotropy hauv thaj chaw pom thiab infrared, thiab tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam duab. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim cov khoom loj thiab tuaj yeem kos rau hauv cov fibers optical. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj dav daim ntawv thov kev cia siab nyob rau hauv magneto optical li xws li magneto optical isolators, magneto optical modulators, thiab fiber optic tam sim no sensors. Vim nws lub sij hawm sib nqus loj thiab me me nqus coefficient nyob rau hauv qhov pom thiab infrared ntau, Tb3 + ions tau dhau los ua cov ions tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb hauv cov iav magneto optical.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nrog rau kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm lub ntiaj teb scientific thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv, cov khoom siv tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tshiab tau tshwm sim sai heev. Xyoo 1984, Iowa State University of the United States, Ames Laboratory of the United States Department of Energy of the United States and the US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (cov neeg ua hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm tom qab tsim American Edge Technology Company (ET REMA) tuaj ntawm lub chaw) sib koom tsim ib qho tshiab tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb Cov khoom siv ntse, uas yog terbium dysprosium hlau loj magnetostrictive khoom. Cov khoom siv ntse tshiab no muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob sai rau hauv lub zog siv tshuab. Lub underwater thiab electro-acoustic transducers ua los ntawm cov khoom siv magnetostrictive loj heev tau ua tiav hauv cov khoom siv hauv nkoj, cov lus pom cov roj zoo, cov suab nrov thiab kev co tswj, thiab kev tshawb nrhiav dej hiav txwv thiab kev sib txuas lus hauv av. Yog li ntawd, sai li sai tau thaum terbium dysprosium hlau loj magnetostrictive khoom tau yug los, nws tau txais kev saib xyuas los ntawm cov teb chaws uas muaj kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Edge Technologies hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau pib tsim terbium dysprosium hlau loj loj magnetostrictive cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv 1989 thiab muab lawv lub npe Terfenol D. Tom qab ntawd, Sweden, Nyiv, Russia, United Kingdom, thiab Australia kuj tsim terbium dysprosium hlau loj magnetostrictive cov ntaub ntawv.
Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, ob qho tib si invention ntawm cov khoom thiab nws thaum ntxov monopolistic daim ntawv thov yog ncaj qha ntsig txog kev lag luam tub rog (xws li navy). Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog tiv thaiv tau maj mam ntxiv dag zog rau lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov khoom siv no. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab Tuam Tshoj Kev Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij tau nce ntxiv, cov kev xav tau kom paub txog kev ua tub rog kev sib tw hauv lub xyoo pua 21st thiab kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv yuav yog qhov ceev heev. Yog li ntawd, kev siv dav dav ntawm terbium dysprosium hlau loj loj magnetostrictive cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov tub rog thiab lub tuam tsev tiv thaiv lub teb chaws yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, ntau yam zoo heev ntawm terbium ua rau nws yog ib tug indispensable tswv cuab ntawm ntau functional cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib tug irreplaceable txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib co daim ntawv thov teb. Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog tus nqi siab ntawm terbium, tib neeg tau kawm yuav ua li cas kom zam thiab txo qis kev siv terbium txhawm rau txo cov nqi tsim khoom. Piv txwv li, tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb magneto-optical cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv cov nqi qis dysprosium hlau cobalt los yog gadolinium terbium cobalt ntau li ntau tau; Sim txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm terbium hauv cov hmoov fluorescent ntsuab uas yuav tsum tau siv. Tus nqi tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb txwv tsis pub siv ntau ntawm terbium. Tab sis ntau yam khoom siv tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj nws, yog li peb yuav tsum ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "siv cov hlau zoo ntawm cov hniav" thiab sim txuag kev siv terbium kom ntau li ntau tau.
Post lub sij hawm: Jul-05-2023