Scandium, nrog lub cim cim Sc thiab Atomic tus naj npawb ntawm 21, yog yooj yim soluble hauv dej, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog dej kub, thiab yooj yim darkens hauv huab cua. Nws lub ntsiab valence yog +3. Nws yog feem ntau tov nrog gadolinium, erbium, thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus, nrog ib tug tsawg tawm los thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kwv yees li 0.0005% nyob rau hauv lub crust. Scandium feem ntau yog siv los ua cov iav tshwj xeeb thiab lub teeb yuag high-temperature alloys.
Tam sim no, cov pov thawj pov thawj ntawm scandium hauv ntiaj teb tsuas yog 2 lab tons, 90 ~ 95% ntawm cov uas muaj nyob hauv Bauxite, phosphorite thiab hlau titanium ores, thiab ib feem me me hauv uranium, thorium, tungsten thiab tsawg lub ntiaj teb ores, feem ntau. faib nyob rau hauv Russia, Tuam Tshoj, Tajikistan, Madagascar, Norway thiab lwm lub teb chaws. Tuam Tshoj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov peev txheej scandium, nrog cov pob zeb loj loj uas cuam tshuam nrog scandium. Raws li kev txheeb cais tsis tiav, cov reserves ntawm scandium nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog hais txog 600000 tons, uas muaj nyob rau hauv Bauxite thiab phosphorite deposits, porphyry thiab quartz leeg tungsten deposits nyob rau hauv South Tuam Tshoj, tsawg ntiaj teb deposits nyob rau hauv South Tuam Tshoj, Bayan Obo tsawg ntiaj teb hlau ore deposits nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Inner Mongolia, thiab Panzhihua vanadium titanium magnetite deposit nyob rau hauv Sichuan.
Vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm scandium, tus nqi ntawm scandium kuj tseem siab heev, thiab thaum nws ncov, tus nqi ntawm scandium tau nce mus rau 10 npaug ntawm tus nqi kub. Txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm scandium tau poob, nws tseem yog plaub npaug ntawm tus nqi kub!
Nrhiav keeb kwm
Xyoo 1869, Mendeleev pom qhov sib txawv ntawm atomic mass ntawm calcium (40) thiab titanium (48), thiab kwv yees tias tseem muaj qhov tsis pom qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov atomic loj ntawm no. Nws kwv yees tias nws cov oxide yog X ₂ O Å. Scandium tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1879 los ntawm Lars Frederik Nilson ntawm Uppsala University hauv Sweden. Nws muab rho tawm los ntawm cov dub tsis tshua muaj kub mine, ib tug complex ore uas muaj 8 hom hlau oxides. Nws tau muab rho tawmErbium (III) oxidelos ntawm dub tsis tshua muaj kub ore, thiab tauYtterbium (III) oxidelos ntawm cov oxide no, thiab muaj lwm cov oxide ntawm cov khoom sib zog, uas nws spectrum qhia tau hais tias nws yog ib qho tsis paub hlau. Qhov no yog cov hlau kwv yees los ntawm Mendeleev, uas nws oxide yogSc₂O₃. Lub scandium hlau nws tus kheej yog tsim los ntawmScandium chlorideLos ntawm electrolytic melting nyob rau hauv 1937.
Mendeleev
Electron configuration
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
Scandium yog mos, nyiaj dawb hloov pauv hlau nrog lub melting point ntawm 1541 ℃ thiab kub kub ntawm 2831 ℃.
Rau ib lub sij hawm tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm tom qab nws nrhiav pom, kev siv ntawm scandium tsis tshwm sim vim nws nyuaj rau ntau lawm. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntau ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem sib cais ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, tam sim no muaj cov txheej txheem paub tab rau kev ua kom huv ntawm cov tshuaj scandium. Vim tias scandium tsis tshua muaj alkaline dua li yttrium thiab Lanthanide, hydroxide yog qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws, yog li lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw cov ntxhia uas muaj scandium yuav raug cais tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj los ntawm "kab nag lossis daus" txoj kev thaum Scandium (III) hydroxide raug kho nrog ammonia tom qab. raug xa mus rau hauv kev daws teeb meem. Lwm txoj kev yog cais Scandium nitrate los ntawm Polar decomposition ntawm nitrate. Vim tias scandium nitrate yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws rau decompose, scandium tuaj yeem sib cais. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev rov qab ua tiav ntawm kev nrog scandium los ntawm uranium, thorium, tungsten, tin thiab lwm yam mineral deposits kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm scandium.
Tom qab tau txais ib qho ntshiab scandium compound, nws hloov mus rau hauv ScCl Å thiab co melted nrog KCl thiab LiCl. Cov zinc molten yog siv los ua cov cathode rau electrolysis, ua rau scandium rau precipitate ntawm zinc electrode. Tom qab ntawd, zinc yog evaporated kom tau nws cov xim hlau scandium. Qhov no yog ib lub teeb yuag dawb hlau nrog cov tshuaj muaj zog heev, uas tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog dej kub los tsim cov roj hydrogen. Yog li cov hlau scandium uas koj pom hauv daim duab tau muab ntim rau hauv lub raj mis thiab tiv thaiv nrog cov roj argon, txwv tsis pub scandium yuav sai sai tsim cov xim daj lossis grey oxide txheej, poob nws cov ci ntsa iab xim hlau.
Daim ntawv thov
Teeb pom kev lag luam
Kev siv ntawm scandium yog concentrated nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia uas ci heev, thiab nws tsis yog ib qho exaggeration hu nws Leej Tub ntawm lub teeb. Thawj riam phom khawv koob ntawm scandium yog hu ua scandium sodium teeb, uas tuaj yeem siv los coj teeb rau ntau txhiab tsev neeg. Qhov no yog hlau halide Hluav taws xob lub teeb: lub teeb yog ntim nrog Sodium iodide thiab Scandium triiodide, thiab scandium thiab sodium foil ntxiv rau tib lub sijhawm. Thaum lub sij hawm high-voltage tawm, scandium ions thiab sodium ions feem emit lub teeb ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv emission wavelengths. Cov kab spectral ntawm sodium yog 589.0 thiab 589.6 nm, ob lub teeb daj nto moo, thaum lub spectral kab ntawm scandium yog 361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, ib tug series ntawm ze ultraviolet thiab xiav lub teeb emissions. Vim tias lawv sib xyaw ua ke, tag nrho lub teeb xim tsim yog lub teeb dawb. Nws yog qhov tseeb vim tias scandium sodium teeb muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab luminous, lub teeb xim zoo, lub zog txuag, lub neej ua haujlwm ntev, thiab muaj zog pos huab tawg muaj peev xwm uas lawv tuaj yeem siv dav rau cov koob yees duab TV, squares, chaw ua si, thiab kev teeb pom kev zoo, thiab yog lub npe hu ua peb tiam lub teeb qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv Suav teb, hom teeb no yog maj mam nce raws li ib tug tshiab technology, thaum nyob rau hauv qee lub teb chaws tsim, hom teeb no tau dav siv raws li thaum ntxov 1980s.
Qhov thib ob khawv koob riam phom ntawm scandium yog lub hnub ci photovoltaic hlwb, uas tuaj yeem sau lub teeb tawg rau hauv av thiab tig mus rau hauv hluav taws xob los tsav tib neeg lub neej. Scandium yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws barrier hlau nyob rau hauv hlau insulator semiconductor silicon solar cells thiab hnub ci hlwb.
Nws cov riam phom khawv koob thib peb hu ua γ Ib qho hluav taws xob, qhov riam phom khawv koob no tuaj yeem ci ntsa iab ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis lub teeb zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm qhov muag liab qab, nws yog lub zog photon txaus. Peb feem ntau rho tawm 45Sc los ntawm cov zaub mov, uas yog tib lub ntuj isotopes ntawm scandium. Txhua 45Sc nucleus muaj 21 protons thiab 24 neutrons. 46Sc, ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob isotope, tuaj yeem siv los ua γ Radiation sources lossis tracer atoms kuj tseem siv tau rau kev siv xov tooj cua ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav malignant. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntawv thov xws li yttrium gallium scandium garnet laser,Scandium fluorideiav infrared Optical fiber, thiab scandium coated cathode ray raj ntawm TV. Nws zoo nkaus li tias scandium yug nrog ci ntsa iab.
Alloy kev lag luam
Scandium hauv nws daim ntawv tseem ceeb tau siv dav rau doping aluminium alloys. Ntev npaum li ob peb txhiab tus scandium ntxiv rau txhuas, Al3Sc theem tshiab yuav raug tsim, uas yuav ua lub luag haujlwm Metamorphism hauv aluminium alloy thiab ua rau cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv loj heev. Ntxiv 0.2% ~ 0.4% Sc (uas yog tiag tiag zoo ib yam li qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm kev ntxiv ntsev rau do kib zaub hauv tsev, tsuas yog me ntsis yog xav tau) tuaj yeem ua kom qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov hlau los ntawm 150-200 ℃, thiab txhim kho siab. - Kub lub zog, kev ruaj ntseg, vuam kev ua tau zoo, thiab corrosion kuj. Nws tseem tuaj yeem zam qhov tshwm sim embrittlement uas yooj yim tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Lub zog siab thiab siab tawv aluminium alloy, tshiab high-strength corrosion-resistant weldable aluminium alloy, tshiab high-temperature aluminium alloy, high-strength neutron irradiation resistant aluminium alloy, thiab lwm yam, muaj kev txaus nyiam kev loj hlob zeem muag hauv aerospace, aviation, nkoj, nuclear reactors, tsheb teeb thiab tsheb ciav hlau ceev.
Scandium kuj yog ib qho kev hloov kho zoo heev rau hlau, thiab ib qho me me ntawm scandium tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cam khwb cia hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, scandium kuj tseem siv tau los ua ib qho ntxiv rau qhov kub thiab txias tungsten thiab chromium alloys. Tau kawg, ntxiv rau kev ua tshoob khaub ncaws rau lwm tus, scandium muaj qhov siab melting point thiab nws qhov ntom ntom zoo ib yam li txhuas, thiab kuj tseem siv rau hauv siab melting point lightweight alloys xws li scandium titanium alloy thiab scandium magnesium alloy. Txawm li cas los xij, vim nws tus nqi siab, nws feem ntau tsuas yog siv hauv high-end manufacturing industries xws li chaw shuttles thiab rockets.
Cov khoom siv ceramic
Scandium, ib yam khoom siv, feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov hlau, thiab nws cov oxides ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv ceramic zoo ib yam. Cov khoom siv tetragonal zirconia ceramic, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov khoom siv roj oxide, muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb uas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob no nce nrog qhov kub thiab txias thiab oxygen concentration hauv ib puag ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic no nws tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem nyob ruaj khov thiab tsis muaj nqi lag luam; Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los doping qee yam tshuaj uas tuaj yeem kho cov qauv no txhawm rau tswj nws cov khoom qub. Ntxiv 6 ~ 10% Scandium oxide zoo li lub pob zeb ua qauv, kom zirconia tuaj yeem ruaj khov rau ntawm lub voj voog square.
Kuj tseem muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ceramic xws li lub zog siab thiab kub-resistant silicon nitride ua densifiers thiab stabilizers.
Raws li densifier,Scandium oxidetuaj yeem tsim cov theem refractory Sc2Si2O7 ntawm ntug ntawm cov khoom zoo, yog li txo qhov kub-kub deformation ntawm engineering ceramics. Piv nrog rau lwm cov oxides, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kub-kub txhua yam ntawm silicon nitride.
Catalytic chemistry
Hauv chemical engineering, scandium feem ntau siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thaum Sc2O3 tuaj yeem siv rau lub cev qhuav dej thiab deoxidation ntawm ethanol lossis isopropanol, decomposition ntawm acetic acid, thiab tsim cov ethylene los ntawm CO thiab H2. Pt Al catalyst muaj Sc2O3 kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb catalyst rau hnyav roj hydrogenation purification thiab refining txheej txheem nyob rau hauv petrochemical kev lag luam. Hauv catalytic cracking cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li Cumene, cov haujlwm ntawm Sc-Y zeolite catalyst yog 1000 npaug siab dua li ntawm Aluminium silicate catalyst; Piv nrog rau qee cov tshuaj catalysts, kev loj hlob zeem muag ntawm scandium catalysts yuav ci heev.
Nuclear zog kev lag luam
Ntxiv me me ntawm Sc2O3 rau UO2 nyob rau hauv high-kub reactor nuclear roj tuaj yeem zam kev hloov pauv ntawm lattice, ntim nce, thiab tawg los ntawm UO2 rau U3O8 hloov dua siab tshiab.
Roj cell
Ib yam li ntawd, ntxiv 2.5% mus rau 25% scandium rau nickel alkali roj teeb yuav ua rau lawv lub neej kev pab.
Kev ua liaj ua teb
Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, cov noob xws li pob kws, beet, taum pauv, nplej thiab paj noob hlis tuaj yeem kho nrog Scandium sulfate (feem ntau yog 10-3 ~ 10-8mol / L, cov nroj tsuag sib txawv yuav txawv), thiab cov txiaj ntsig tiag tiag ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob. tau ua tiav. Tom qab 8 teev, qhov hnyav qhuav ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab buds tau nce los ntawm 37% thiab 78% feem ntau piv nrog cov noob, tab sis cov txheej txheem tseem tab tom kawm.
Los ntawm Nielsen txoj kev xav txog cov nuj nqis ntawm Atomic huab hwm coj cov ntaub ntawv rau hnub no, scandium tau nkag mus rau tib neeg lub zeem muag tsuas yog ib puas lossis nees nkaum xyoo, tab sis nws yuav luag zaum ntawm lub rooj ntev zaum rau ib puas xyoo. Nws tsis yog txog thaum muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem dhau los uas nws coj qhov tseem ceeb rau nws. Niaj hnub no, cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog scandium, tau dhau los ua cov hnub qub kub hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, ua si hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv ntau txhiab lub tshuab, ua kom yooj yim dua rau peb lub neej txhua hnub, thiab tsim cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam uas nyuaj dua los ntsuas.
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-29-2023