Dab tsi yogtsawg ntiaj teb?
Tib neeg muaj keeb kwm ntau dua 200 xyoo txij li kev tshawb pom lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nyob rau xyoo 1794. Txij li thaum muaj cov pob zeb tsis tshua muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas yog ib qho me me ntawm cov dej insoluble oxides tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj. Keeb kwm, xws li oxides tau ib txwm hu ua "lub ntiaj teb", yog li lub npe ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.
Qhov tseeb, Rare-earth mineral tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej. Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj tsis yog lub ntiaj teb, tab sis yog ib qho khoom siv hlau. Nws hom active tsuas yog thib ob rau alkali hlau thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau. Lawv muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv crust dua li tooj liab, zinc, tin, cobalt, thiab npib tsib xee.
Tam sim no, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj tau siv dav hauv ntau yam xws li hluav taws xob, petrochemicals, metallurgy, thiab lwm yam. Yuav luag txhua txhua 3-5 xyoos, cov kws tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau cov kev siv tshiab rau lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, thiab tawm ntawm txhua 6 lub tswv yim, ib qho ua tsis tau. tsis muaj tsawg ntiaj teb.
Tuam Tshoj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj minerals, ranked thawj nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb qeb duas: reserves, ntau lawm scale, thiab export ntim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tuam Tshoj kuj yog tib lub tebchaws uas tuaj yeem muab tag nrho 17 lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov av tsis tshua muaj nruab nrab thiab hnyav nrog cov ntawv siv tub rog tseem ceeb heev.
Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj pes tsawg leeg
Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus yog tsim los ntawm Lanthanide cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov tshuaj:lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm),samarium(Sm),europium(Eu),gadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshav(Gd),terbium(Tb),dysprosium(Dy),holmium(Ho),erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(ywb),lutetium(Lu), thiab ob lub ntsiab lus ze ze rau lanthanide:scandium(Sc) thiabyttrium(Y).
Nws yog hu uaLub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, abbreviated li Rare Earth.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb
Muab faib los ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm cov khoom:
Lub teeb tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus:Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Heavy rare earth element:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium
Classified los ntawm mineral yam ntxwv:
Cerium pawg:lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Yttrium pawg:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium
Kev faib tawm los ntawm kev cais tawm:
Lub teeb tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb (P204 tsis muaj zog acidity extraction)lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium
Nruab nrab tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb (P204 tsawg acidity extraction):samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium
Hnyav tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb (acidity extraction hauv P204):holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium
Cov khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj
Ntau tshaj 50 lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lawv cov qauv 4f cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb, ua rau lawv siv dav hauv ob qho tib si cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tshiab.
4f electron orbit
1. Lub cev thiab tshuaj muaj zog
★ Muaj cov khoom siv hlau pom tseeb; Nws yog nyiaj grey, tshwj tsis yog rau praseodymium thiab neodymium, nws pom lub teeb daj
★ Cov xim oxide nplua nuj
★ Tsim cov tebchaw ruaj khov nrog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau
★ Hlau cus ciav
★ Yooj yim rau oxidize hauv huab cua
2 Optoelectronic zog
★ Unfilled 4f sublayer, qhov twg 4f electrons yog shielded los ntawm sab electrons, uas ua rau ntau yam spectral lus thiab lub zog theem
Thaum 4f electrons hloov pauv, lawv tuaj yeem nqus lossis tawm hluav taws xob ntawm ntau lub wavelengths los ntawm ultraviolet, pom rau thaj tsam infrared, ua rau lawv haum raws li cov khoom siv luminescent.
★ Zoo conductivity, muaj peev xwm npaj cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm txoj kev electrolysis
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm 4f Electrons ntawm Rare Earth Elements hauv Cov Khoom Tshiab
1.Cov khoom siv 4f cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
★ 4f electron spin arrangement:manifested raws li muaj zog hlau nplaum - haum rau siv raws li cov ntaub ntawv hlau nplaum tas mus li, MRI imaging ntaub ntawv, sib nqus sensors, superconductors, thiab lwm yam
★ 4f orbital electron hloov: manifested li luminescent zog - haum rau siv raws li luminescent cov ntaub ntawv xws li phosphors, infrared lasers, fiber ntau amplifiers, thiab lwm yam
Kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob hauv 4f lub zog qhia kev qhia band: ua kom pom cov xim xim - haum rau xim thiab decolorization ntawm cov khoom kub, xim, cov roj ceramic, iav, thiab lwm yam
2 yog indirectly cuam tshuam rau 4f electron, siv Ionic vojvoog, nqi thiab tshuaj lom neeg zog
★ Nuclear yam ntxwv:
Me me thermal neutron Absorption cross section - haum rau siv raws li cov khoom siv ntawm nuclear reactors, thiab lwm yam
Loj neutron Absorption cross section - haum rau kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nuclear reactors, thiab lwm yam
★ Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb Ionic vojvoog, nqi, lub cev thiab tshuaj muaj zog:
Lattice defects, zoo li Ionic vojvoog, tshuaj muaj zog, sib txawv nqi - haum rau cua sov, catalyst, sensing caij, thiab lwm yam
Cov qauv tshwj xeeb - haum rau siv los ua hydrogen cia alloy cathode cov ntaub ntawv, cov khoom siv microwave nqus, thiab lwm yam
Electro optical thiab dielectric zog - haum rau siv los ua cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo, pob tshab ceramics, thiab lwm yam
Post lub sij hawm: Jul-06-2023