Barium hlau (1)

1 、 Kev Taw Qhia Hauv paus

Suav lub npe:Barium, English npe:Barium, element symbolBa, atomic tooj 56 nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, yog ib tug IIA pab pawg neeg alkaline ntiaj teb hlau ntsiab nrog ib tug ceev ntawm 3.51 g / cubic centimeter, ib tug melting point ntawm 727 ° C (1000 K, 1341 ° F), thiab lub boiling point ntawm 1870 °. C (2143 K, 3398 ° F). Barium yog ib qho alkaline ntiaj teb hlau nrog ib tug silver dawb luster, nrog ib tug nplaim xim ntawm daj ntsuab, mos, thiab ductile.Bariummuaj tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev thiab tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog feem ntau tsis yog hlau.Bariumyeej tsis tau pom ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej.Bariumntsev yog tshuaj lom tsuas yog raubariumsulfate. Ntxiv rau,hlau bariummuaj zog txo qis thiab tuaj yeem txo cov hlau oxides, halides, thiab sulfides feem ntau kom tau txais cov hlau sib xws. Cov ntsiab lus ntawmbariumnyob rau hauv lub crust yog 0.05%, thiab feem ntau cov minerals nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog barite (bariumsulfate) thiab witherite (bariumcarbonate). Barium yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam xws li electronics, ceramics, tshuaj, thiab roj av.

2 、 Lub Discovery ntawmBariumthiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Tuam Tshoj tusBariumKev lag luam

1. Ib nyuag keeb kwm ntawm lub discovery ntawmbarium

Alkaline ntiaj teb hlau sulfides pom phosphorescence, txhais tau hais tias lawv tseem emit lub teeb nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti rau ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm tom qab raug rau lub teeb. Nws yog precisely vim hais tias ntawm no tus yam ntxwv uasbariumcov tebchaw tau pib tau txais kev saib xyuas.

Xyoo 1602, V. Casiorolus, tus kws tsim khau hauv Bologna, Ltalis, tau tshawb pom tias muaj cov barite.bariumsulfate emitted lub teeb nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj tom qab roasting nws nrog combustible tshuaj. Qhov tshwm sim no tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm European chemists. Nyob rau hauv 1774, Swedish chemist CW Scheele nrhiav tau ib tug tshiab lub caij nyob rau hauv barite, tab sis nws tsis muaj peev xwm cais nws, tsuas yog cov oxide ntawm lub caij. Xyoo 1776, Johan Gottlieb Gahn cais cov oxide no hauv kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws. Baryta yog thawj zaug hu ua barote los ntawm Guyton de Morveau, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov lub npe baryta (hnyav ntiaj teb) los ntawm Antoine Lavoisier. Xyoo 1808, British chemist Humphry Davy siv mercury li cathode, platinum li anode, thiab electrolyzed barite (BaSO4) los tsim.bariumamalgam. Tom qab distillation kom tshem tawm mercury, ib tug hlau uas tsis muaj purity tau txais thiab npebarium.

Cov ntawv thov kev lag luam kuj muaj keeb kwm dhau ib puas xyoo

Thaum ntxov li nruab nrab-19th caug xyoo, tib neeg pib siv barite (ib qho tseem ceeb ntxhia los uabariumthiabbariumcompounds) raws li ib tug muab tub lim rau xim. Txij li thaum xyoo pua no, barite tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim ntau yambariummuaj cov khoom siv tshuaj. Vim nws qhov kev faib ua feem tseem ceeb, cov khoom siv tshuaj ruaj khov, thiab tsis muaj dej thiab cov kua qaub, barite tau siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev hnyav rau cov roj thiab roj av drilling av thaum ntxov li xyoo 1920.Bariumsulfate yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov pigments dawb thiab yuav siv tau raws li ib tug muab tub lim thiab colorant rau roj hmab.

2. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Tuam Tshoj tusbariumkev lag luam

Feem ntaubariumntsev suav nrogbariumsulfate,bariumnitrate, barium chloride,bariumcarbonate,bariumcyanide, thiab lwm yam.BariumCov khoom siv ntsev feem ntau yog siv hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob ua cov khoom siv ntxiv rau cov xim duab cov raj thiab cov khoom sib nqus.

Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj tau dhau los ua tus tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj tebbariumntsev. Lub ntiaj teb no txhua xyoo ntau lawm muaj peev xwm ntawmbariumcarbonate yog kwv yees li 900000 tons, nrog rau cov zis ntawm kwv yees li 700000 tons, thaum Tuam Tshoj lub peev xwm txhua xyoo yog kwv yees li 700000 tons, nrog rau txhua xyoo cov zis ntawm txog 500000 tons, suav txog ntau dua 70% ntawm lub ntiaj teb.bariumcarbonate ntau lawm muaj peev xwm thiab tso zis. Suav tebbariumCov khoom lag luam carbonate tau raug xa tawm mus rau ntau qhov ntev, thiab Tuam Tshoj tau dhau los ua tus xa khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.bariumcarbonate.

Cov teeb meem ntsib los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawmBariumKev lag luam ntsev hauv Suav teb

Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj yog lub ntiaj teb coob tsim khoom thiab xa tawm ntawmbariumcarbonate, nws tsis yog ib tug muaj zog tsim ntawm barium carbonate. Firstly, muaj ob peb loj-scalebariumcarbonate ntau lawm tuam txhab nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, thiab muaj tsawg heev tuam txhab uas muag uas tau tiav loj-scale ntau lawm; Thib ob, Suav tebbariumcarbonate cov khoom muaj ib tug qauv thiab tsis muaj high-tech khoom. Txawm hais tias qee lub chaw tsim khoom tam sim no tab tom tshawb nrhiav thiab ua kom muaj kev coj dawb huvbariumcarbonate, nws stability tsis zoo. Rau cov khoom siv purity siab, Tuam Tshoj kuj xav tau los ntawm cov tuam txhab xws li lub teb chaws Yelemees, Ltalis, thiab Nyiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qee lub tebchaws tau dhau los ua tus xa tawm tshiab ntawmbariumcarbonate, xws li Russia, Brazil, Kaus Lim Qab Teb, thiab Mexico, ua rau oversupply nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj tebbariumcarbonate ua lag luam, uas tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau Suav tebbariumcarbonate kev lag luam. Cov neeg tsim khoom txaus siab txo tus nqi kom thiaj li muaj sia nyob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tuam Tshoj cov tuam txhab xa tawm tseem tab tom ntsib kev tshawb nrhiav los tiv thaiv kev lag luam los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, qee qhovbariumcov chaw tsim khoom ntsev hauv Suav teb kuj tseem ntsib teeb meem kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Txhawm rau txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Tuam Tshojbariumntsev kev lag luam,bariumntsev ntau lawm tuam txhab nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yuav tsum coj ib puag ncig kev tiv thaiv thiab kev nyab xeeb raws li lub hauv paus, tsis tu ncua kev tshawb fawb thiab qhia advanced technologies, thiab tsim cov khoom tshiab uas ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub sij hawm thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus thev naus laus zis.

Kev tsim khoom thiab xa tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Barite hauv Suav teb

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas Geological Survey, kev tsim cov barite hauv Suav teb yog kwv yees li 41 lab tons hauv xyoo 2014. Raws li Suav kev lis kev cai txheeb cais, txij lub Ib Hlis Ntuj txog Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2014, Tuam Tshoj tau xa tawm 92588597 kilograms.bariumsulfate, nce ntawm 0.18% piv rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo tas los. Tus nqi xa tawm yog 65496598 US las, nce 20.99% piv rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo tas los. Tus nqi xa tawm yog 0.71 US las ib kilogram, nce ntawm 0.12 US las ib kilogram piv rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo tas los. Ntawm lawv, thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2014, Tuam Tshoj tau xa tawm 8768648 kg ntawmbariumsulfate, nce ntawm 8.19% piv rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo tas los. Tus nqi xa tawm yog 8385141 US las, nce ntawm 5.1% piv rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo tas los.

Raws li Suav cov ntaub ntawv kev lis kev cai, thaum Lub Rau Hli 2015, Tuam Tshoj tau xa tawm 170000 tons ntawmbariumsulfate, qhov txo qis ntawm 1.7% piv rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo tas los; Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo, lub cumulative export ntim yog 1.12 lab tons, ib tug txo ntawm 6.8% piv rau tib lub sij hawm xyoo tas los; Tib qhov nyiaj xa tawm tau poob los ntawm 5.4% thiab 9% feem ntau piv rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo tas los.

3 、 Kev faib khoom thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm Barium (Barite) cov peev txheej

1. Kev faib cov peev txheej barium

Cov ntsiab lus ntawmbariumnyob rau hauv lub crust yog 0.05%, qeb duas 14th. Lub ntsiab minerals nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog barite (bariumsulfate BaSO4) thiab witherite (bariumcarbonate BaCO3). Ntawm lawv, barite yog cov ntxhia tshaj plaws ntawm barium, uas yog tsim los ntawmbariumsulfate thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv low-temperature hydrothermal veins, xws li quartz barite veins, fluorite barite veins, thiab lwm yam. Toxicite yog lwm yam loj.bariummuaj cov ntxhia hauv qhov, ntxiv rau barite, thiab nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yogbariumcarbonate.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Geological Survey hauv xyoo 2015, cov peev txheej barite thoob ntiaj teb yog kwv yees li 2 billion tons, ntawm 740 lab tons tau ua pov thawj. Lub ntiaj teb barite reserves yog 350 lab tons. Tuam Tshoj yog lub teb chaws uas muaj peev txheej barite ntau tshaj plaws. Lwm lub tebchaws uas muaj kev nplua nuj barite suav nrog Kazakhstan, Türkiye, Is Nrias teb, Thaib, Tebchaws Meskas thiab Mexico. Cov chaw nto moo ntawm barite hauv ntiaj teb suav nrog Westman Av hauv UK, Felsbonne hauv Romania, Saxony hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, Tianzhu hauv Guizhou, Heifenggou hauv Gansu, Gongxi hauv Hunan, Liulin hauv Hubei, Xiangzhou hauv Guangxi, thiab Shuiping hauv Shaanxi.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas Geological Survey hauv 2015, lub ntiaj teb no zus tau tej cov barite yog 9.23 lab tons nyob rau hauv 2013 thiab nce mus rau 9.26 lab tons nyob rau hauv 2014. Nyob rau hauv 2014, Tuam Tshoj yog tus loj tshaj plaws manufacturers ntawm barite, nrog rau zus tau tej cov 4.1 lab tons. , suav txog kwv yees li 44.3% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm thoob ntiaj teb. Is Nrias teb, Morocco, thiab Tebchaws Meskas nyob qib thib ob, thib peb, thiab thib plaub, nrog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm 1.6 lab tons, 1 lab tons, thiab 720000 tons.

2. Kev faib tawm ntawmBariumCov peev txheej hauv Suav teb

Tuam Tshoj nplua nuj nyob rau hauvbariumore cov peev txheej, nrog kwv yees tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm ntau dua 1 billion tons. Ntxiv mus, qib ntawm barium ore yog qhov siab, thiab nws cov peev txheej thiab kev tsim khoom yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb. Feem ntaubariummuaj cov ntxhia hauv cov xwm txheej yog barite. Lub ntiaj teb cia ntawm barite yog 350 lab tons, thaum lub cia ntawm barite nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog 100 lab tons, accounting rau kwv yees li 29% ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj teb no reserves thiab qeb duas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv "Tshawb nrhiav ntawm lub Main Mineral Concentration Areas thiab Resource muaj peev xwm ntawm Tuam Tshoj lub Barite Mines" (Chemical Mineral Geology, 2010), Tuam Tshoj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv barite cov kev pab cuam, faib nyob rau hauv 24 lub xeev ( cheeb tsam) nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, nrog reserves thiab ntau lawm qeb. thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb no. Muaj 195 qhov chaw mining nrog pov thawj reserves hauv Suav teb, nrog rau tag nrho cov peev txheej tau lees paub ntawm 390 lab tons ntawm ore. Los ntawm lub xeev (hauv cheeb tsam) faib barite, Guizhou xeev muaj cov mines barite tshaj plaws, suav txog 34% ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws reserves; Hunan, Guangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi thiab lwm lub xeev (cov cheeb tsam) yog qhov thib ob. Lub tsib lub xeev saum toj no suav txog 80% ntawm lub teb chaws reserves. Hom kev tso nyiaj feem ntau yog sedimentary, accounting rau 60% ntawm tag nrho cov reserves. Tsis tas li ntawd, tseem muaj cov txheej txheem tswj (endogenetic), volcanic sedimentary, hydrothermal, thiab weathered (residual slope) hom. Lub sijhawm mineralization feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv Paleozoic era, thiab barite deposits kuj tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm Sinian thiab Mesozoic Cenozoic.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Barite Mineral Resources hauv Suav teb

Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntau, barite cov zaub mov hauv Suav teb feem ntau faib rau hauv thaj av nruab nrab; Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qib, yuav luag tag nrho cov nplua nuj minerals mas concentrated nyob rau hauv Guizhou thiab Guangxi; Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm ore deposit scale, Tuam Tshoj tus barite deposits mas loj thiab nruab nrab. Tsuas yog ob thaj chaw mining ntawm Guizhou Tianzhu Dahe Bian thiab Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi suav rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov chaw khaws cia hauv thaj chaw no. Feem ntau, ib hom barite yog hom ore tseem ceeb, thiab cov ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhov yooj yim thiab ntshiab, xws li Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi barite mine. Tsis tas li ntawd, tseem muaj cov khoom loj ntawm cov co thiab cov ntxhia sib txuam uas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo.

4, Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm barium

1. Kev npaj ntawmbarium

Kev tsim cov hlau barium hauv kev lag luam suav nrog ob kauj ruam: kev tsim cov barium oxide thiab tsim cov hlau barium los ntawm cov hlau thermal txo (aluminothermic txo).

(1) Kev npaj ntawmbariumoxide

Zoo siab barite ore ua ntej yuav tsum tau xaiv phau ntawv thiab flotation, ua raws li cov hlau thiab silicon tshem tawm kom tau ib tug concentrate uas muaj ntau tshaj 96%bariumsulfate. Sib tov cov ntxhia hmoov nrog cov khoom me me tsawg dua 20 mesh thiab thee lossis roj av coke hmoov hauv qhov hnyav piv ntawm 4: 1, thiab calcine ntawm 1100 ℃ hauv qhov cub reverberatory.Bariumsulfate txo mus rau barium sulfide (feem ntau hu ua "dub tshauv"), uas yog leached nrog dej kub kom tau ib tug tov ntawm barium sulfide. Txhawm rau hloov barium sulfide rau hauv barium carbonate nag lossis daus, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ntxiv sodium carbonate lossis qhia cov pa roj carbon dioxide rau hauv barium sulfide aqueous kua. Sib tov barium carbonate nrog carbon hmoov thiab calcine ntawm siab tshaj 800 ℃ kom tau barium oxide. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias barium oxide oxidizes tsim barium peroxide ntawm 500-700 ℃, thiab barium peroxide tuaj yeem decompose rau daim ntawv.bariumoxide ntawm 700-800 ℃. Yog li ntawd, kom tsis txhob ua barium peroxide, calcined cov khoom yuav tsum tau txias los yog quenched nyob rau hauv inert roj tiv thaiv.

(2) Production ntawmbarium hlaulos ntawm aluminothermic txo txoj kev

Muaj ob qhov kev cuam tshuam rau kev txo qis ntawm aluminiumbariumoxide vim muaj cov khoom xyaw sib txawv:

6BaO + 2Al → 3BaO • Al2O3 + 3Ba ↑

Or: 4BaO+2Al → BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑

Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1000 txog 1200 ℃, ob qhov kev cuam tshuam no tsim tsawg heevbarium, yog li nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv lub tshuab nqus tsev twj kom hloov mus tas libariumvapor los ntawm thaj chaw tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau thaj tsam condensation thiaj li ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus txuas ntxiv mus rau sab xis. Cov seem tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tshuaj lom thiab tsuas yog muab pov tseg tom qab kev kho mob.

2. Kev npaj cov khoom sib xyaw barium

(1) Txoj kev npaj ntawmbariumcarbonate

① Carbonization txoj kev

Cov txheej txheem carbonization feem ntau suav nrog kev sib xyaw barite thiab thee hauv ib qho kev faib ua feem, crushing lawv mus rau hauv lub cub tawg, thiab roasting thiab txo lawv ntawm 1100-1200 ℃ kom tau barium sulfide yaj. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide tau nkag mus rau hauv lubbariumsulfide tov rau carbonization, thiab taubariumcarbonate slurry yog raug rau desulfurization ntxuav thiab nqus pom. Tom qab ntawd, nws qhuav thiab crushed ntawm 300 ℃ kom tau cov khoom tiav barium carbonate. Txoj kev no yog saws los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab feem ntau vim nws cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab tus nqi qis.

② Txoj kev decomposition complex

Cov khoom kawg ntawmbariumcarbonate tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm ob qhov kev sib cais ntawm barium sulfide thiab ammonium carbonate, lossis los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm barium chloride thiab potassium carbonate. Cov khoom uas tshwm sim yog ces ntxuav, lim, qhuav, thiab lwm yam.

③ Toxic Heavy Petrochemical Law

Cov tshuaj lom hnyav ore hmoov yog reacted nrog ammonium ntsev kom tsim tau solublebariumntsev, thiab ammonium carbonate yog recycled rau siv. Cov solublebariumntsev yog ntxiv rau ammonium carbonate rau precipitate refined barium carbonate, uas yog lim thiab qhuav los ua ib qho khoom tiav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cawv niam uas tau txais tuaj yeem siv tau thiab rov siv dua.

(2) Txoj kev npaj ntawmbariumtitanate

① Txheej txheej txheej

Bariumtitanate tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm calciningbariumcarbonate thiab titanium dioxide, uas tuaj yeem doped nrog lwm yam khoom siv.

② Coprecipitation method

Dissolvebariumchloride thiab titanium tetrachloride nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm cov khoom sib npaug, tshav kub rau 70 ° C, thiab ces poob oxalic acid kom tau ib tug precipitate ntawm hydrated.bariumtitanate [BaTiO (C2O4) 2-4H2O]. Ntxuav, qhuav, thiab tom qab ntawd pyrolysis kom tau barium titanate.

(3) Txoj kev npaj ntawmbariumtshuaj chloride

Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawmbariumchloride feem ntau suav nrog hydrochloric acid txoj kev,bariumcarbonate method, calcium chloride method, thiab magnesium chloride method raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv lossis cov khoom siv raw.

① Hydrochloric acid txoj kev.

②Bariumcarbonate txoj kev. Ua los ntawm cov pob zeb withered (barium carbonate) ua raw khoom.

③ Calcium chloride txoj kev. Txo qhov sib xyaw ntawm barite thiab calcium chloride nrog carbon.

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov txheej txheem magnesium chloride. Npaj los ntawm kev kho mobbariumsulfide nrog magnesium chloride.