Lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Mining Rare Earth Elements Sustainably
Dab tsi yog Rare Earth Elements thiab Lawv Pom Qhov Twg? Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus (REEs) suav nrog 17 cov khoom siv hlau, ua los ntawm 15 lanthanides ntawm lub rooj zaum: Lawv feem ntau tsis tshua muaj raws li pawg neeg lub npe qhia tab sis tau muaj npe nyob rau hauv 18th thiab 19th centuries, piv rau lwm yam 'lub ntiaj teb' ntsiab xws li txiv qaub thiab magnesia. Cerium yog REE ntau tshaj plaws thiab ntau dua li tooj liab lossis txhuas. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus geological, REEs tsis tshua pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus deposits li thee seams, piv txwv li, yog ua rau lawv economic nyuaj rau kuv. Lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv plaub hom pob zeb tsis tshua muaj; carbonatites, uas yog txawv txawv igneous pob zeb muab los ntawm carbonate-nplua nuj magmas, alkaline igneous chaw, ion-absorption av nplaum deposits, thiab monazite-xenotime-bearer placers deposits. Tuam Tshoj Mines 95% ntawm Rare Earth Elements kom txaus siab rau qhov kev thov rau Hi-Tech Lifestyles thiab Renewable Energy Txij li thaum lig 1990s, Tuam Tshoj tau dominated REE ntau lawm, siv nws tus kheej ion-absorption av nplaum deposits, hu ua 'South China Clays'. Nws yog kev lag luam rau Tuam Tshoj ua vim tias cov av nplaum nplaum yooj yim rau rho tawm REEs los ntawm kev siv cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog. Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb yog siv rau txhua yam khoom siv high-tech, suav nrog khoos phis tawj, DVD player, xov tooj ntawm tes, teeb pom kev zoo, fiber ntau optics, koob yees duab thiab cov neeg hais lus, thiab txawm tias cov cuab yeej siv tub rog, xws li lub dav hlau dav hlau, cov kev taw qhia missile, satellites, thiab kev tiv thaiv. - missile tiv thaiv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm 2015 Paris Climate Agreement yog txwv kom tsis txhob muaj huab cua sov hauv ntiaj teb kom qis dua 2 ˚C, nyiam dua 1.5 ˚C, qib ua ntej kev lag luam. Qhov no tau nce kev thov rau lub zog tauj dua tshiab thiab hluav taws xob tsheb, uas tseem xav tau REEs ua haujlwm. Xyoo 2010, Tuam Tshoj tshaj tawm tias nws yuav txo REE xa tawm kom ua tiav nws tus kheej nce hauv kev thov, tab sis tseem tuav nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev muab cov cuab yeej siv high-tech mus rau lwm lub ntiaj teb. Tuam Tshoj kuj tseem nyob hauv txoj haujlwm muaj zog ntawm kev lag luam los tswj cov khoom siv ntawm REEs uas xav tau rau lub zog tauj dua tshiab xws li hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, cua, thiab tidal fais fab turbines, nrog rau cov tsheb fais fab. Phosphogypsum Fertilizer Rare Earth Elements Capture Project Phosphogypsum yog cov khoom siv los ntawm cov chiv thiab muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwm sim xws li uranium thiab thorium. Vim li no, nws khaws cia tsis tu ncua, nrog rau kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua qias tuaj, huab cua, thiab dej. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Penn State University, tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev siv ntau theem siv cov tshuab peptides, cov hlua luv luv ntawm cov amino acids uas tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thiab cais REEs siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Raws li txoj kev sib cais ib txwm muaj tsis txaus, qhov project aims los tsim cov txheej txheem sib cais tshiab, cov khoom siv, thiab cov txheej txheem. Tus qauv tsim yog coj los ntawm kev ua qauv, tsim los ntawm Rachel Getman, tus thawj xibfwb tshawb nrhiav thiab tus kws tshaj lij ntawm chemical thiab biomolecular engineering ntawm Clemson, nrog cov kws tshawb nrhiav Christine Duval thiab Julie Renner, tsim cov molecules uas yuav latch rau REEs tshwj xeeb. Greenlee yuav saib seb lawv coj li cas hauv dej thiab yuav ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thiab muaj peev xwm sib txawv ntawm kev lag luam raws li kev tsim qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm sib txawv. Tus kws tshaj lij tshuaj engineering kws tshaj lij Lauren Greenlee, hais tias: "Hnub no, kwv yees li 200,000 tons ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus tau raug kaw hauv cov khoom pov tseg uas tsis muaj phosphogypsum hauv Florida ib leeg." Pab neeg no txheeb xyuas tias kev rov qab ua ib txwm muaj cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig thiab kev lag luam, uas tam sim no lawv tau rov qab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, uas yuav tsum tau hlawv cov roj fossil thiab siv zog ntau. Txoj haujlwm tshiab yuav tsom mus rau kev rov qab los ntawm lawv txoj hauv kev ruaj khov thiab tej zaum yuav raug dov tawm ntawm qhov loj dua rau cov txiaj ntsig ib puag ncig thiab nyiaj txiag. Yog tias qhov project ua tiav, nws tseem tuaj yeem txo US kev vam khom rau Tuam Tshoj rau kev muab cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb. National Science Foundation Project Nyiaj txiag Txoj haujlwm Penn State REE tau txais nyiaj los ntawm kev pab nyiaj plaub xyoos ntawm $ 571,658, tag nrho $ 1.7 lab, thiab yog kev koom tes nrog Case Western Reserve University thiab Clemson University. Lwm txoj hauv kev los rov qab cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb RRE rov qab feem ntau yog ua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm me me, feem ntau los ntawm leaching thiab hnyav rho tawm. Txawm hais tias tus txheej txheem yooj yim, leaching yuav tsum muaj ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij, yog li tsis xav tau kev lag luam. Kev tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj yog cov txheej txheem zoo tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig vim nws siv zog ua haujlwm thiab siv sijhawm ntev. Lwm txoj hauv kev rau REEs kom rov zoo yog los ntawm agromining, tseem hu ua e-mining, uas cuam tshuam txog kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li cov khoos phis tawj qub, xov tooj, thiab TV los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws mus rau Tuam Tshoj rau REE rho tawm. Raws li UN Environment Programme, tshaj 53 lab tons ntawm e-khoom pov tseg tau tsim nyob rau hauv 2019, nrog ib ncig ntawm $ 57 billion raw khoom muaj REEs thiab hlau. Txawm hais tias feem ntau touted raws li txoj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, nws tsis yog yam tsis muaj nws tus kheej cov teeb meem uas tseem yuav tsum tau kov yeej. Agromining yuav tsum muaj ntau qhov chaw khaws cia, cov nroj tsuag rov ua dua tshiab, cov khib nyiab pov tseg tom qab REE rov qab, thiab suav nrog cov nqi tsheb thauj mus los, uas yuav tsum tau hlawv cov fossil fuels. Penn State University Project muaj peev xwm kov yeej qee qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog REE cov txheej txheem rov qab yog tias nws tuaj yeem ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj ib puag ncig thiab nyiaj txiag.
Lub sij hawm xa tuaj: Plaub Hlis-04-2022 