Dab tsi yog holmium element?

1. Discovery of holmium Elements
Tom qab Mosander sib caiserbiumthiabterbiumlos ntawmyttriumXyoo 1842, ntau tus kws tshuaj siv tshuaj spectral los txheeb xyuas lawv thiab txiav txim siab tias lawv tsis yog cov oxides dawb huv ntawm cov khoom, uas txhawb kom cov kws kho mob txuas ntxiv mus cais lawv. Tom qab sib caisytterbium oxidethiabscandium oxidelos ntawm ytterbium oxide, Cliff tau cais ob lub oxides tshiab ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv xyoo 1879. Ib qho ntawm lawv tau hu ua holmium los ua kev nco txog Cliff qhov chaw yug, lub npe Latin ancient ntawm Stockholm, lub peev ntawm Sweden, Holmia, thiab lub cim cim Ho. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1886, Boisbodran tau cais lwm lub ntsiab lus los ntawm holmium, tab sis lub npe ntawm holmium tau khaws cia. Nrog rau kev tshawb pom ntawm holmium thiab qee lwm yam tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb, lwm ib nrab ntawm theem thib peb ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj tau tiav.

2. Lub cev muaj zog ntawm holmium
Holmium yog silvery dawb hlau, mos thiab ductile; melting point 1474 ° C, boiling point 2695 ° C, ceev 8.7947g / cm³. Holmium ruaj khov hauv huab cua qhuav thiab oxidizes sai ntawm qhov kub thiab txias;holmium oxideyog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws paub cov tshuaj paramagnetic. Holmium tebchaw tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv ferromagnetic tshiab;holmium iodideyog siv los ua hlau halide teeb - holmium teeb. Nws ruaj khov nyob rau hauv huab cua qhuav ntawm chav tsev kub thiab yooj yim oxidized nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntub thiab kub kub. Tsis txhob sib cuag nrog huab cua, oxides, acids, halogens, thiab dej noo. Nws tso tawm cov pa hluav taws xob thaum sib cuag nrog dej; Nws yog soluble hauv inorganic acids. Nws yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv qhuav huab cua ntawm chav tsev kub, tab sis oxidizes sai sai nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntub thiab saum toj no chav tsev kub. Nws muaj cov tshuaj active tshuaj. Nws decomposes dej maj mam. Nws tuaj yeem ua ke nrog yuav luag txhua yam tsis yog xim hlau. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv yttrium silicate, monazite thiab lwm yam minerals tsawg hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog siv los ua cov khoom sib nqus hlau.

3. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm holmium
Nws yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv qhuav huab cua ntawm chav tsev kub, thiab yooj yim oxidized nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntub thiab kub kub. Tsis txhob sib cuag nrog huab cua, oxides, acids, halogens, thiab dej ntub. Nws tso tawm cov pa hluav taws xob thaum sib cuag nrog dej; Nws dissolves nyob rau hauv inorganic acids. Nws yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv qhuav huab cua ntawm chav tsev kub, tab sis oxidizes sai heev nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntub thiab saum toj no chav tsev kub. Nws muaj cov tshuaj active tshuaj. Nws maj mam decomposes dej. Nws tuaj yeem ua ke nrog yuav luag txhua yam tsis yog xim hlau. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv yttrium silicate, monazite thiab lwm yam minerals tsawg hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog siv los ua cov khoom sib nqus hlau. Zoo li dysprosium, nws yog ib qho hlau uas tuaj yeem nqus tau cov neutrons uas tsim los ntawm nuclear fission. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear, nws tsis tu ncua kub hnyiab ntawm ib sab tes thiab tswj qhov ceev ntawm cov saw hlau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lwm qhov. Cov ntsiab lus piav qhia: Nws muaj xim hlau luster. Nws tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob maj mam nrog dej thiab yaj hauv dilute acid. Cov ntsev yog daj. Cov oxide Ho2O2 yog lub teeb ntsuab. Nws dissolves nyob rau hauv mineral acid los tsim trivalent ion daj ntsev. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev txo qisholmium fluorideHoF3·2H2O nrog calcium.
Cov tshuaj
(1)Holmium oxideyog dawb thiab muaj ob lub qauv: lub cev-centered cubic thiab monoclinic. Ho2O3 tsuas yog ruaj khov oxide. Nws cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab cov txheej txheem npaj yog tib yam li cov lanthanum oxide. Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua holmium teeb.
(2)Holmium nitrateCov mis mos molecular: Ho(NO3) 3·5H2O; Molecular hnyav: 441.02; Nws feem ntau yog teeb meem me ntsis rau lub cev dej. Tsis txhob tso cai rau cov khoom siv uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom lossis muaj ntau ntau los rau hauv cov dej hauv av, cov kav dej lossis cov kav dej phwj tuaj. Tsis txhob tso cov khoom tawm mus rau qhov chaw ib puag ncig yam tsis tau tso cai los ntawm tsoomfwv.

4.Synthesis txoj kev ntawm holmium
1. Holmium hlautuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev txo qis anhydrousholmium trichloride or holmium trifluoridenrog hlau calcium
2. Tom qab holmium raug cais los ntawm lwm yam tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm kev sib pauv ion los yog kuab tshuaj extraction tshuab, hlau holmium tuaj yeem npaj tau los ntawm cov hlau thermal txo. Lithium thermal txo ntawm tsawg lub ntiaj teb chloride yog txawv ntawm calcium thermal txo ntawm tsawg lub ntiaj teb chloride. Cov txheej txheem kev txo qis ntawm qhov qub yog ua nyob rau hauv cov roj theem. Lub lithium thermal txo reactor muab faib ua ob thaj chaw cua sov, thiab cov txheej txheem txo thiab distillation yog ua nyob rau hauv tib cov khoom. Tsis muaj dejholmium chlorideyog muab tso rau hauv lub sab sauv titanium reactor crucible (tseem HoCl3 distillation chamber), thiab txo tus neeg sawv cev hlau lithium yog muab tso rau hauv qis crucible. Tom qab ntawd lub stainless hlau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank yog evacuated mus rau 7Pa thiab ces rhuab. Thaum qhov ntsuas kub nce mus txog 1000 ℃, nws tau khaws cia rau qee lub sijhawm kom tso cai rau covHoCl3vapor thiab lithium vapor kom ua tau siab, thiab txo cov hlau holmium cov khoom poob rau hauv qis crucible. Tom qab kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiav lawm, tsuas yog lub crucible qis yog rhuab kom distilled LiCl rau hauv lub siab crucible. Cov txheej txheem txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yuav siv li 10h. Txhawm rau tsim cov hlau ntshiab holmium, tus neeg sawv cev txo qis hlau lithium yuav tsum yog 99.97% siab purity lithium thiab ob chav distilled anhydrous HoCl3 yuav tsum tau siv.