1. Kev txhais ntawm Nuclear Materials
Hauv kev txiav txim siab dav dav, cov khoom siv nuclear yog cov ntsiab lus dav dav rau cov ntaub ntawv siv tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luam nuclear thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb nuclear, suav nrog cov roj hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nuclear, piv txwv li cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj roj nuclear.
Cov feem ntau xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv nuclear feem ntau yog xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub reactor, tseem hu ua reactor cov ntaub ntawv.Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj xws li cov roj hluav taws xob uas dhau los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv qab neutron bombardment, cladding cov ntaub ntawv rau nuclear roj Cheebtsam, coolants, neutron moderators (moderators), tswj pas nrig cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj zog nqus neutrons, thiab reflective cov ntaub ntawv uas tiv thaiv neutron to sab nraum lub reactor.
2 、 Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov peev txheej hauv ntiaj teb tsawg thiab cov peev txheej nuclear
Monazite, tseem hu ua phosphocerite thiab phosphocerite, yog ib qho khoom siv ntxhia hauv nruab nrab acid igneous pob zeb thiab metamorphic pob zeb.Monazite yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, thiab tseem muaj nyob hauv qee cov pob zeb sedimentary.Brownish liab, daj, tej zaum xim av daj, nrog ib tug greasy luster, ua tiav cleavage, Mohs hardness ntawm 5-5.5, thiab tshwj xeeb gravity ntawm 4.9-5.5.
Lub ntsiab ore ntxhia ntawm qee qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj deposits nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog monazite, feem ntau nyob rau hauv Tongcheng, Hubei, Yueyang, Hunan, Shangrao, Jiangxi, Menghai, Yunnan, thiab He County, Guangxi.Txawm li cas los xij, kev rho tawm ntawm placer yam tsawg lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej feem ntau tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam.Cov pob zeb ib leeg feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus thorium reflexive thiab tseem yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam plutonium.
3, Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm tsawg lub ntiaj teb daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv nuclear fusion thiab nuclear fission raws li patent panoramic tsom xam
Tom qab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj kev tshawb nrhiav tau nthuav dav, lawv tau ua ke nrog cov yuam sij nthuav dav thiab cov lej sib faib ntawm nuclear fission thiab nuclear fusion, thiab tshawb hauv Incopt database.Hnub tshawb nrhiav yog Lub Yim Hli 24, 2020. 4837 patents tau txais tom qab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tsev neeg yooj yim, thiab 4673 patents tau txiav txim siab tom qab txo cov suab nrov.
Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb patent daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm nuclear fission los yog nuclear fusion yog muab faib nyob rau hauv 56 lub teb chaws / cheeb tsam, feem ntau yog concentrated nyob rau hauv Nyiv, Tuam Tshoj, lub tebchaws United States, lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Russia, thiab lwm yam. , ntawm uas Suav patent technology thov tau nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li xyoo 2009, nkag mus rau theem kev loj hlob sai, thiab Nyiv, Tebchaws Meskas thiab Russia tau txuas ntxiv teeb tsa hauv daim teb no tau ntau xyoo (Daim duab 1).
Daim duab 1 Daim ntawv thov sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej technology patents ntsig txog lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj daim ntawv thov hauv nuclear nuclear fission thiab nuclear fusion nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws / cheeb tsam
Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus uas siv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv nuclear fusion thiab nuclear fission tsom rau roj cov ntsiab lus, scintillators, hluav taws xob detectors, actinides, plasmas, nuclear reactors, shielding cov ntaub ntawv, neutron absorption thiab lwm yam kev qhia.
4 、 Cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb thiab kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb patent ntawm Rare Earth Elements hauv Nuclear Materials
Ntawm lawv, nuclear fusion thiab nuclear fission tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub ntawv nuclear yog khaus, thiab cov kev cai rau cov ntaub ntawv yog nruj.Tam sim no, lub hwj chim reactors feem ntau yog nuclear fission reactors, thiab fusion reactors tej zaum yuav nrov nyob rau hauv loj teev tom qab 50 xyoo.Daim ntawv thov ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebcov khoom hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob reactor;Hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj nuclear, cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb yog siv los tswj cov pas nrig;Ntxiv rau,scandiumkuj tau siv nyob rau hauv radiochemistry thiab nuclear kev lag luam.
(1) Raws li combustible lom los yog tswj pas nrig los kho neutron theem thiab tseem ceeb lub xeev ntawm nuclear reactor
Nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim reactors, thawj residual reactivity ntawm tshiab cores yog feem ntau kuj siab.Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm thawj refueling voj voog, thaum tag nrho cov nuclear roj nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais yog tshiab, qhov seem reactivity yog siab tshaj.Nyob rau ntawm lub sijhawm no, kev cia siab ib leeg ntawm kev tswj cov pas nrig kom them nyiaj rau cov khoom seem yuav ua kom paub ntau ntxiv cov pas nrig.Txhua tus pas nrig tswj (los yog pas nrig pob) sib raug rau kev qhia txog kev tsav tsheb nyuaj.Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov no nce nqi, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, qhib qhov hauv lub taub hau lub taub hau siab tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis ntawm cov qauv tsim.Tsis tsuas yog nws uneconomical, tab sis nws tseem tsis tau tso cai kom muaj qee qhov porosity thiab lub zog ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub taub hau.Txawm li cas los xij, yam tsis muaj kev tswj cov pas nrig, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom cov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg cov co toxins (xws li boric acid) kom them rau qhov seem reactivity.Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau lub boron concentration kom tshaj qhov pib, thiab qhov kub coefficient ntawm tus moderator yuav ua tau zoo.
Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj cov teeb meem hais saum toj no, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov co toxins uas tuaj yeem siv tau, tswj cov pas nrig, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau tuaj yeem siv los tswj.
(2) Ua ib qho dopant los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob reactor
Cov reactors xav tau cov qauv tsim thiab cov roj cov ntsiab lus kom muaj qee theem ntawm lub zog, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab siab thermal stability, thaum tseem tiv thaiv cov khoom fission los ntawm kev nkag mus rau lub coolant.
1) .Rare earth steel
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear muaj lub cev hnyav thiab tshuaj lom neeg, thiab txhua qhov ntawm lub reactor kuj muaj cov kev xav tau siab rau cov hlau tshwj xeeb siv.Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb muaj kev hloov kho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlau, feem ntau suav nrog kev ua kom huv, metamorphism, microalloying, thiab txhim kho corrosion kuj.Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb uas muaj steels kuj tau siv dav hauv nuclear reactors.
① Cov nyhuv Purification: Cov kev tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm tau pom tias cov ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj kev ua kom huv si zoo ntawm cov hlau molten ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.Qhov no yog vim lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj peev xwm hnov mob nrog cov teeb meem xws li oxygen thiab sulfur hauv cov hlau molten los tsim cov tebchaw kub kub.Qhov kub-kub tebchaw tuaj yeem raug precipitated thiab tso tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm inclusions ua ntej molten steel condenses, yog li txo cov impurity cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub molten steel.
② Metamorphism: ntawm qhov tod tes, cov oxides, sulfides los yog oxysulfide tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlau molten nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo xws li oxygen thiab sulfur tuaj yeem khaws cia ib nrab hauv cov hlau molten thiab ua cov hlau nrog cov ntsiab lus siab melting. .Cov inclusions no tuaj yeem siv los ua heterogeneous nucleation chaw zov me nyuam thaum lub sij hawm solidification ntawm cov hlau molten, yog li txhim kho cov duab thiab cov qauv ntawm cov hlau.
③ Microalloying: yog tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj ntxiv, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj ntxiv yuav yaj hauv cov hlau tom qab kev ua kom huv thiab metamorphism ua tiav.Txij li thaum lub atomic radius ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj loj dua li ntawm cov hlau atom, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj kev ua haujlwm siab dua.Thaum lub sij hawm solidification txheej txheem ntawm molten steel, tsawg lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus yog enriched nyob rau hauv lub grain ciam teb, uas yuav zoo dua txo qhov kev cais ntawm impurity ntsiab ntawm lub grain ciam teb, yog li ntxiv dag zog rau cov khoom tov thiab ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm microalloying.Ntawm qhov tod tes, vim yog hydrogen cia cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, lawv tuaj yeem nqus hydrogen hauv cov hlau, yog li txhim kho hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon ntawm hlau.
④ Txhim kho corrosion kuj: Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tuaj yeem txhim kho corrosion kuj ntawm hlau.Qhov no yog vim tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tus kheej ntau dua li cov hlau tsis muaj steel.Yog li ntawd, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj peev xwm ua rau nws tus kheej corrosion muaj peev xwm ntawm stainless hlau, yog li txhim kho qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov hlau hauv corrosive media.
2).Txoj Kev Kawm Tseem Ceeb Patent
Tseem ceeb patent: invention patent ntawm ib qho oxide dispersion ntxiv dag zog rau qis activation steel thiab nws txoj kev npaj los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm hlau, Suav Academy ntawm Sciences
Patent paub daws teeb meem: Muab yog ib qho oxide dispersion ntxiv dag zog rau qis activation steel haum rau fusion reactors thiab nws txoj kev npaj, tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv hais tias cov feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloy nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov loj ntawm cov qis activation steel yog: lub matrix yog Fe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, 0.1 ≤ Mn ≤ 0.6%, thiab 0.05% ≤ Y0.O3% .
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom: Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn niam alloy smelting, hmoov atomization, siab-zog pob milling ntawm niam alloy thiabY2O3 nanoparticlecov hmoov sib xyaw, hmoov ntim cov ntawv rho tawm, solidification molding, kub dov, thiab kev kho cua sov.
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb ntxiv txoj kev: Ntxiv nanoscaley2o3 uacov khoom rau niam txiv alloy atomized hmoov rau lub zog siab pob milling, nrog lub pob milling nruab nrab yog Φ 6 thiab Φ 10 sib xyaw nyuaj steel pob, nrog lub pob milling cua ntawm 99.99% argon gas, pob khoom loj piv ntawm (8- 10): 1, lub sijhawm milling ntawm 40-70 teev, thiab kev sib hloov ceev ntawm 350-500 r / min.
3) .Siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv hluav taws xob
① Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob neutron
Neutrons yog cov khoom ntawm atomic nuclei, nrog rau qhov hnyav ntawm 1.675 × 10-27kg, uas yog 1838 npaug ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.Nws lub vojvoog yog kwv yees li 0.8 × 10-15m, zoo ib yam li qhov loj me rau ib qho proton, zoo ib yam li γ Rays tsis sib npaug.Thaum cov neutrons cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem, lawv feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog lub zog nuclear hauv lub nucleus, thiab tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov electrons hauv lub plhaub sab nraud.
Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm nuclear zog thiab nuclear reactor thev naus laus zis, ntau thiab ntau cov kev saib xyuas tau raug them rau nuclear hluav taws xob kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob nuclear.Txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob rau cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tau koom nrog kev saib xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kev nyab xeeb rau lub sijhawm ntev, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tiv thaiv rau cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv.Neutron hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.Feem ntau, feem ntau ntawm cov neutrons nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog tib neeg tau qeeb mus rau qis-zog neutrons tom qab cov neutron shielding nyhuv ntawm cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv lub nuclear reactor.Tsawg zog neutrons yuav sib tsoo nrog nuclei nrog qis atomic naj npawb elastically thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau nruab nrab.Lub nruab nrab thermal neutrons yuav raug absorbed los ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog loj dua neutron absorption cross sections, thiab thaum kawg neutron shielding yuav tiav.
② Kev Kawm Txuj Ci Tseem Ceeb
Qhov ntxeem tau thiab organic-inorganic hybrid zog ntawmrare ntiaj teb elementgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavRaws li cov hlau organic pob txha cov ntaub ntawv nce lawv compatibility nrog polyethylene, txhawb cov synthesized composite cov ntaub ntawv kom muaj ntau dua gadolinium cov ntsiab lus thiab gadolinium dispersion.Cov ntsiab lus siab gadolinium thiab dispersion ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau neutron shielding kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw.
Tseem ceeb patent: Hefei lub koom haum ntawm cov khoom siv Science, Suav Academy ntawm Sciences, invention patent ntawm ib tug gadolinium raws li organic moj khaum composite shielding khoom thiab nws txoj kev npaj.
Patent Abstract: Gadolinium raws li hlau organic skeleton composite shielding khoom yog cov khoom sib xyaw tsim los ntawm kev sib xyawgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavRaws li cov khoom siv pob txha pob txha hlau nrog polyethylene hauv qhov hnyav piv ntawm 2: 1: 10 thiab tsim los ntawm hnyav evaporation lossis kub nias.Gadolinium raws li hlau organic skeleton composite shielding cov ntaub ntawv muaj siab thermal stability thiab thermal neutron shielding peev xwm.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom: xaiv qhov sib txawvgadolinium hlauntsev thiab organic ligands los npaj thiab ua ke sib txawv ntawm gadolinium raws li hlau organic pob txha cov ntaub ntawv, ntxuav lawv nrog me me molecules ntawm methanol, ethanol, los yog dej los ntawm centrifugation, thiab activating lawv kub kub nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev tej yam kev mob kom tshem tawm tag nrho cov residual unreacted raw cov ntaub ntawv. nyob rau hauv lub pores ntawm gadolinium raws li hlau organic skeleton cov ntaub ntawv;Lub gadolinium raws li organometallic skeleton khoom npaj nyob rau hauv kauj ruam yog nplawm nrog polyethylene lotion ntawm ib tug ceev ceev, los yog ultrasonically, los yog cov gadolinium raws li organometallic skeleton cov ntaub ntawv npaj nyob rau hauv kauj ruam yog yaj blended nrog ultra-high molecular hnyav polyethylene ntawm kub kom txog thaum tag nrho cov sib tov;Muab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke gadolinium raws li cov khoom siv pob txha pob txha / polyethylene sib xyaw hauv cov pwm, thiab tau txais cov txheej txheem gadolinium raws li cov hlau organic skeleton composite shielding khoom los ntawm kev ziab los txhawb hnyav evaporation lossis kub nias;Kev npaj gadolinium raws li cov hlau organic pob txha pob txha tiv thaiv cov khoom siv tau zoo tuaj yeem tiv taus cua sov, cov khoom siv kho tshuab, thiab muaj peev xwm zoo tshaj thermal neutron shielding peev piv rau cov ntaub ntawv ntshiab polyethylene.
Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb ntxiv hom: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 lossis Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 porous crystalline coordination polymer muaj gadolinium, uas yog tau los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke polymerization ntawmGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O or GdCl3 • 6H2Othiab organic carboxylate ligand;Qhov luaj li cas ntawm gadolinium raws li cov khoom siv pob txha pob txha yog 50nm-2 μ m; Gadolinium raws li cov hlau organic pob txha cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov morphologies sib txawv, suav nrog granular, qws-puab, lossis rab koob zoo li cov duab.
(4) Kev siv ntawmScandiumhauv Radiochemistry thiab nuclear kev lag luam
Scandium hlau muaj qhov zoo thermal stability thiab muaj zog fluorine absorption kev ua tau zoo, ua rau nws yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam atomic zog.
Tseem ceeb patent: Tuam Tshoj Aerospace Development Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, invention patent for an aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy thiab nws txoj kev npaj
Patent abstract: Ib qho txhuas zincmagnesium scandium alloythiab nws txoj kev npaj.Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov hnyav feem pua ntawm aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy yog: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, impurities Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, lwm yam impurities ib leeg ≤ 0.05%, lwm yam impurities tag nrho ≤ 0.15%, thiab cov nyiaj seem yog Al.Lub microstructure ntawm no aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy cov khoom yog ib yam thiab nws cov kev ua tau zoo yog qhov ruaj khov, nrog lub zog tensile kawg ntawm tshaj 400MPa, lub zog tawm los ntawm ntau dua 350MPa, thiab lub zog tensile tshaj 370MPa rau welded pob qij txha.Cov khoom siv khoom siv tuaj yeem siv los ua cov qauv hauv aerospace, nuclear kev lag luam, kev thauj mus los, cov khoom ua si, riam phom thiab lwm yam.
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom: Kauj Ruam 1, cov khoom xyaw raws li cov khoom sib xyaw saum toj no;Kauj Ruam 2: Melt nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub smelting ntawm qhov kub ntawm 700 ℃ ~ 780 ℃;Kauj Ruam 3: Ua kom cov kua hlau ua kom tiav, thiab tswj cov hlau kub hauv qhov ntau ntawm 700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ thaum lub sijhawm ua kom zoo;Kauj Ruam 4: Tom qab kho kom zoo, nws yuav tsum tau tso cai kom sawv ntsug;Kauj Ruam 5: Tom qab tag nrho sawv ntsug, pib casting, tuav lub cub tawg kub nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 690 ℃ ~ 730 ℃, thiab lub casting ceev yog 15-200 hli / feeb;Kauj Ruam 6: Ua homogenization annealing kev kho mob ntawm lub alloy ingot nyob rau hauv lub cua sov rauv, nrog ib tug homogenization kub ntawm 400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃;Kauj ruam 7: Tev lub homogenized ingot thiab ua kub extrusion los tsim profiles nrog ib tug phab ntsa thickness ntawm tshaj 2.0mm.Thaum lub sij hawm extrusion txheej txheem, lub billet yuav tsum tau khaws cia ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 350 ℃ to 410 ℃;Kauj Ruam 8: Nyem qhov profile rau kev daws quenching kev kho mob, nrog rau kev daws qhov kub ntawm 460-480 ℃;Kauj Ruam 9: Tom qab 72 teev ntawm cov tshuaj quenching, manually yuam kev laus.Kev siv lub zog kev laus yog: 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 teev + 170 ~ 180 ℃ / 5 teev, lossis 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 teev + 145 ~ 155 ℃ / 10 teev.
5 、 Cov ntsiab lus tshawb fawb
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb no yog dav siv nyob rau hauv nuclear fusion thiab nuclear fission, thiab muaj ntau patent layouts nyob rau hauv xws li kev qhia xws li X-ray excitation, plasma tsim, lub teeb dej reactor, transuranium, uranyl thiab oxide hmoov.Raws li rau cov ntaub ntawv reactor, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj peev xwm siv tau los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob reactor thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov ntaub ntawv tswj thiab cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob neutron.
Post lub sij hawm: May-26-2023