Magical Rare Earth Element: Holmium

Holmium, atomic tooj 67, atomic hnyav 164.93032, lub npe lub npe muab los ntawm qhov chaw yug ntawm tus discoverer.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawmholmiumnyob rau hauv lub crust yog 0.000115%, thiab nws tshwm sim ua ke nrog rau lwm yamtsawg ntiaj teb yamnyob rau hauv monazite thiab tsawg ntiaj teb minerals.Lub ntuj ruaj khov isotope tsuas yog holmium 165.

Holmium ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov huab cua qhuav thiab oxidizes sai heev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias;Holmium oxidepaub tias muaj zog tshaj plaws paramagnetic zog.

Lub compound ntawm holmium tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv ferromagnetic tshiab;Holmium iodide yog siv los tsim cov hlau halide teeb -holmium teeb, thiab holmium lasers kuj tau siv dav hauv kev kho mob.

Nrhiav keeb kwm

Tshawb nrhiav los ntawm: JL Soret, PT Cleve

Tshawb nrhiav los ntawm 1878 txog 1879

Discovery txheej txheem: nrhiav tau los ntawm JL Soret xyoo 1878;Nrhiav tau los ntawm PT Cleve hauv 1879

Tom qab Mossander cais erbium ntiaj teb thiabterbiumntiaj teb los ntawmyttriumHauv ntiaj teb xyoo 1842, ntau tus kws tshuaj siv tshuaj spectral los txheeb xyuas thiab txiav txim siab tias lawv tsis yog cov oxides dawb huv ntawm cov khoom, uas txhawb kom cov kws kho mob txuas ntxiv cais lawv.Tom qab sib cais ytterbium oxide thiabscandium oxide hmoovLos ntawm oxidized bait, Cliff tau cais ob lub ntsiab lus oxides tshiab hauv xyoo 1879. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog hu ua Holmium los ua kev nco txog Cliff qhov chaw yug, lub npe Latin thaum ub Holmia hauv Stockholm, Sweden, nrog lub cim tseem ceeb Ho.Xyoo 1886, lwm lub ntsiab lus tau muab cais los ntawm holmium los ntawm Bouvabadrand, tab sis lub npe ntawm holmium tau khaws cia.Nrog rau kev tshawb pom ntawm holmium thiab lwm yam tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb, lwm theem ntawm kev tshawb pom thib peb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb tau ua tiav.

Electronic layout:

Electronic layout:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11

Nws yog cov hlau uas, zoo li dysprosium, tuaj yeem nqus cov neutrons uas tsim los ntawm nuclear fission.

Nyob rau hauv ib tug nuclear reactor, ntawm ib sab, tas li combustion yog nqa tawm, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov ceev ntawm cov saw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tswj.

Nqe lus piav qhia: Thawj lub zog ionization yog 6.02 electron volts.Nws muaj ib tug metallic luster.Nws tuaj yeem maj mam hnov ​​​​mob nrog dej thiab yaj hauv dilute acids.Ntsev yog daj.Cov oxide Ho2O2 yog lub teeb ntsuab.Dissolve nyob rau hauv mineral acids los tsim trivalent ion daj ntsev.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: npaj los ntawm kev txo holmium fluoride HoF3 · 2H2O nrog calcium.

Hlau

Holmium yog nyiaj dawb hlau nrog mos zoo nkauj thiab ductility;Melting point 1474 ° C, boiling point 2695 ° C, ceev 8.7947 g/cm holmium meter ³.

Holmium ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov huab cua qhuav thiab oxidizes sai heev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias;Holmium oxide paub tias muaj zog tshaj plaws paramagnetic zog.

Tau txais cov tebchaw uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom ntxiv rau cov khoom siv ferromagnetic tshiab;Holmium iodide siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov hlau halide teeb - holmium teeb

Daim ntawv thov

(1) Raws li ib qho ntxiv rau hlau halide teeb, hlau halide teeb yog ib hom roj tso tawm teeb tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub teeb mercury high-pressure mercury, tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sau lub teeb nrog ntau yam tsawg lub ntiaj teb halides.Tam sim no, kev siv tseem ceeb yog lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj iodide, uas tawm cov xim sib txawv thaum lub sij hawm tso pa tawm.Cov khoom siv ua haujlwm siv hauv holmium teeb yog holmium iodide, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov siab ntawm cov hlau atoms nyob rau hauv arc cheeb tsam, zoo heev txhim kho hluav taws xob efficiency.

(2) Holmium tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho ntxiv rau yttrium hlau lossis yttrium aluminium garnet.

(3) Ho: YAG doped yttrium aluminium garnet tuaj yeem tawm 2 μ M laser, tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm 2 μ Qhov nqus ntawm m laser yog siab, yuav luag peb qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua li ntawm Hd: YAG.Yog li thaum siv Ho: YAG laser rau kev kho mob phais, tsis tsuas yog tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev phais thiab qhov tseeb, tab sis kuj yog qhov chaw thermal puas tuaj yeem raug txo kom tsawg dua.Cov nqaj dawb tsim los ntawm holmium muaju tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov rog yam tsis muaj cua sov ntau dhau, yog li txo cov thermal puas rau cov ntaub so ntswg noj qab haus huv.Nws tau tshaj tawm tias holmium laser kev kho mob glaucoma hauv Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem txo qhov mob ntawm cov neeg mob uas raug phais.Tuam Tshoj 2 μ theem ntawm m laser crystals tau mus txog thoob ntiaj teb, thiab kev siv zog yuav tsum tau ua los tsim thiab tsim hom laser siv lead ua no.

(4) Nyob rau hauv lub magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, ib tug me me ntawm holmium kuj yuav muab ntxiv kom txo tau sab nraud teb yuav tsum tau rau saturation magnetization ntawm lub alloy.

(5) Kev siv holmium doped fiber ntau tuaj yeem ua rau kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag xws li fiber ntau lasers, fiber ntau amplifiers, thiab fiber ntau sensors, uas yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob sai ntawm fiber ntau kev sib txuas lus niaj hnub no.

(6) Holmium laser lithotripsy thev naus laus zis: Kev kho mob holmium laser lithotripsy yog tsim rau cov pob zeb nyuaj rau lub raum, pob zeb ureteral, thiab zais zis pob zeb uas tsis tuaj yeem tawg los ntawm extracorporeal shock yoj lithotripsy.Thaum siv kev kho mob holmium laser lithotripsy, lub slender fiber ntawm kev kho mob holmium laser yog siv ncaj qha mus cuag lub zais zis, ureter, thiab raum pob zeb los ntawm lub urethra thiab ureter los ntawm ib tug cystoscope thiab ureteroscope.Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij urology tswj hwm lub holmium laser kom tawg cov pob zeb.Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev kho holmium laser no yog tias nws tuaj yeem daws cov pob zeb ureteral, zais zis pob zeb, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov pob zeb raum.Qhov tsis zoo yog tias rau qee lub pob zeb nyob rau sab sauv thiab qis rau lub raum, tej zaum yuav muaj cov pob zeb me me vim qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm holmium laser fiber nkag los ntawm ureter mus txog qhov chaw pob zeb.