Ytterbium: atomic tooj 70, atomic hnyav 173.04, lub npe lub npe muab los ntawm nws qhov chaw nrhiav pom.Cov ntsiab lus ntawmytterbiumnyob rau hauv lub crust yog 0.000266%, feem ntau tam sim no nyob rau hauv phosphorite thiab dub tsis tshua muaj kub deposits, thaum lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv monazite yog 0.03%, nrog rau 7 natural isotopes.
Nrhiav keeb kwm
Tshawb nrhiav los ntawm: Marinak
Hnub tim: 1878
Qhov chaw: Switzerland
Xyoo 1878, Swiss chemists Jean Charles thiab G Marignac nrhiav pom lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv "erbium".Xyoo 1907, Ulban thiab Weils tau taw qhia tias Marignac tau sib cais sib xyaw ntawm lutetium oxide thiab ytterbium oxide.Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm lub zos me me hu ua Yteerby ze Stockholm, qhov twg yttrium ore tau pom, lub caij tshiab no hu ua Ytterbium nrog lub cim Yb.
Electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Hlau
Hlau ytterbiumyog silver grey, ductile, thiab muaj ib tug mos mos zoo nkauj.Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, ytterbium tuaj yeem maj mam oxidized los ntawm huab cua thiab dej.
Muaj ob lub qauv siv lead ua: α- Hom yog lub ntsej muag nruab nrab lub pob zeb siv lead ua (chav kub -798 ℃);β- Hom yog lub cev nruab nrab ntawm lub cubic (siab dua 798 ℃) lattice.Melting point 824 ℃, boiling point 1427 ℃, txheeb ze ntom ntom 6.977 (α- Hom), 6.54 ( β- Hom).
Insoluble hauv dej txias, soluble hauv acids thiab kua ammonia.Nws yog qhov ruaj khov heev hauv huab cua.Zoo ib yam li samarium thiab europium, ytterbium belongs rau lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj valence, thiab tuaj yeem nyob hauv lub xeev zoo sib txawv ntxiv rau qhov feem ntau tsis tshua muaj.
Vim qhov txawv txav ntawm cov yam ntxwv no, kev npaj ntawm metallic ytterbium yuav tsum tsis txhob ua los ntawm electrolysis, tab sis los ntawm kev txo qis distillation txoj kev npaj thiab purification.Feem ntau,lanthanum hlauyog siv los ua tus neeg saib xyuas kom txo qis distillation, siv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab vapor siab ntawm ytterbium hlau thiab qis vapor siab ntawm lanthanum hlau.Xwb,thulium, ytterbium, thiablutetiumconcentrates yuav siv tau raws li raw cov ntaub ntawv, thiab hlau lanthanum yuav siv tau raws li ib tug txo tus neeg sawv cev.Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev kub kub ntawm> 1100 ℃ thiab <0.133Pa, hlau ytterbium tuaj yeem raug rho tawm ncaj qha los ntawm kev txo cov distillation.Zoo lisamariumthiabEurope,ytterbium kuj tseem tuaj yeem sib cais thiab ua kom huv los ntawm kev txo qis.Feem ntau, thulium, ytterbium, thiab lutetium concentrates yog siv los ua raw khoom.Tom qab dissolution, ytterbium raug txo mus rau ib lub xeev divalent, ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov khoom, thiab ces sib cais los ntawm lwm yam trivalent tsawg ntiaj teb.Kev tsim cov high-purity ytterbium oxide feem ntau yog ua los ntawm kev rho tawm chromatography lossis ion pauv txoj kev
Daim ntawv thov
Siv rau kev tsim tshwj xeeb alloys.Ytterbium alloystau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj kho hniav rau kev sim metallurgical thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ytterbium tau tshwm sim thiab tsim sai heev nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm fiber optic kev sib txuas lus thiab laser technology.
Nrog rau kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim kho ntawm "txoj kev xov xwm kev loj", cov khoos phis tawj thiab cov kab hluav taws xob txuas mus ntev tau nce siab ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau siv hauv kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag.Ytterbium ions, vim lawv cov spectral zoo heev, tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv fiber ntau rau kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag, ib yam lierbiumthiabthulium.Txawm hais tias tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus erbium tseem yog tus neeg ua si tseem ceeb hauv kev npaj ntawm fiber ntau amplifiers, tsoos erbium-doped quartz fibers muaj qhov nce me me bandwidth (30nm), ua rau nws nyuaj rau ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev kub ceev thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm loj.Yb3 + ions muaj qhov nqus tau loj dua li Er3 + ions nyob ib puag ncig 980nm.Los ntawm cov nyhuv rhiab heev ntawm Yb3 + thiab lub zog hloov pauv ntawm erbium thiab ytterbium, 1530nm lub teeb tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo, yog li txhim kho qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub teeb.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate iav tau nce siab los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.Phosphate thiab fluorophosphate tsom iav muaj cov tshuaj zoo thiab thermal stability, nrog rau qhov dav infrared transmittance thiab cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo sib xws, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho cov ntaub ntawv rau broadband thiab siab nce erbium-doped amplification fiber iav.Yb3 + doped fiber ntau amplifiers tuaj yeem ua tiav lub zog amplification thiab me me teeb liab amplification, ua rau lawv haum rau teb xws li fiber optic sensors, free chaw laser kev sib txuas lus, thiab ultra luv mem tes amplification.Tuam Tshoj tau tam sim no tau tsim lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws ib channel muaj peev xwm thiab ceev tshaj plaws optical kis tau tus mob, thiab muaj cov ntaub ntawv dav tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.Ytterbium doped thiab lwm yam tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb doped fiber ntau amplifiers thiab cov ntaub ntawv laser ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lawv.
Cov yam ntxwv spectral ntawm ytterbium kuj yog siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv zoo laser, ob qho tib si li laser muaju, laser tsom iav, thiab fiber ntau lasers.Raws li cov khoom siv laser muaj zog, ytterbium doped laser crystals tau tsim cov koob loj, suav nrog ytterbium dopedyttrium aluminiumgarnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium dopedgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavGalium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP), ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, thiab silicate.Semiconductor laser (LD) yog ib hom tshiab ntawm cov twj tso kua mis rau cov khoom siv lub xeev lasers.Yb: YAG muaj ntau yam ntxwv haum rau lub zog LD twj tso kua mis thiab tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv laser rau siab zog LD siv.Yb: S-FAP siv lead ua tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv laser rau laser nuclear fusion yav tom ntej, uas tau nyiam cov neeg nyiam.Nyob rau hauv tunable laser muaju, muaj chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) nrog wavelengths xws li 2.84 mus rau 3.05 μ Nruam adjustable ntawm m.Raws li kev txheeb cais, feem ntau ntawm cov infrared warheads siv nyob rau hauv missiles nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no siv 3-5 μ Yog li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG lasers muaj peev xwm muab kev cuam tshuam zoo rau nruab nrab infrared coj riam phom countermeasures, thiab muaj ib tug tseem ceeb tub rog qhov tseem ceeb.Tuam Tshoj tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tshiab nrog rau qib siab thoob ntiaj teb hauv thaj tsam ntawm ytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, thiab lwm yam), daws cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb xws li siv lead ua kev loj hlob thiab laser nrawm, mem tes, nruam, thiab adjustable tso zis.Cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb tau siv rau hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws, kev lag luam, thiab kev tshawb fawb engineering, thiab ytterbium doped crystal cov khoom tau raug xa tawm mus rau ntau lub tebchaws thiab cheeb tsam xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj.
Lwm pawg loj ntawm ytterbium laser cov ntaub ntawv yog laser iav.Ntau yam siab emission cross-section laser tsom iav tau tsim, suav nrog germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate, thiab phosphate.Vim yog qhov yooj yim ntawm cov iav molding, nws tuaj yeem ua rau ntau qhov loj thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv xws li lub teeb xa hluav taws xob siab thiab siab uniformity, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub zog lasers.Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj neeg paub laser iav siv los ua qhov tseem ceebneodymiumiav, uas muaj keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm ntau tshaj 40 xyoo thiab paub tab ntau lawm thiab siv tshuab.Nws yeej ib txwm yog cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob laser siab thiab tau siv rau hauv kev sim nuclear fusion thiab riam phom laser.Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob muaj zog ua hauv Suav teb, suav nrog laserneodymiumiav raws li lub ntsiab laser nruab nrab, tau mus txog lub ntiaj teb no qib siab heev.Tab sis laser neodymium iav tam sim no ntsib qhov kev sib tw muaj zog los ntawm laser ytterbium iav.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias ntau lub zog ntawm laser ytterbium iav ntau dua li ntawmneodymiumiav.Vim lub fact tias ytterbium doped luminescence tsuas muaj ob theem zog, lub zog cia efficiency yog siab.Nyob rau tib qhov nce, ytterbium iav muaj lub zog cia ua haujlwm 16 npaug siab dua li iav neodymium, thiab lub neej fluorescence 3 npaug ntawm neodymium iav.Nws kuj muaj qhov zoo xws li siab doping concentration, nqus bandwidth, thiab tuaj yeem ncaj qha pumped los ntawm semiconductors, ua rau nws haum rau high-power lasers.Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv thov ntawm ytterbium laser iav feem ntau tso siab rau kev pab ntawm neodymium, xws li siv Nd3 + ua tus sensitizer ua ytterbium laser iav ua haujlwm ntawm chav tsev kub thiab μ Laser emission tiav ntawm m wavelength.Yog li, ytterbium thiab neodymium yog ob qho tib si kev sib tw thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm cov iav laser.
Los ntawm kev kho cov iav muaj pes tsawg leeg, ntau lub zog luminescent ntawm ytterbium laser iav tuaj yeem txhim kho.Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm high-power lasers raws li lub ntsiab kev taw qhia, lasers ua los ntawm ytterbium laser iav yog nce dav siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj, kev tshawb fawb, thiab kev siv tub rog.
Kev siv tub rog: Siv lub zog tsim los ntawm nuclear fusion raws li lub zog ib txwm yog lub hom phiaj xav tau, thiab kev ua tiav kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm nuclear yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tib neeg los daws cov teeb meem ntawm lub zog.Ytterbium doped laser iav tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv rau kev ua tiav inertial confinement fusion (ICF) hloov khoom dua tshiab hauv lub xyoo pua 21st vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo laser.
Cov riam phom laser siv lub zog loj ntawm lub teeb laser los tawm tsam thiab rhuav tshem lub hom phiaj, tsim kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias ntawm billions degrees Celsius thiab ncaj qha tawm tsam ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb.Lawv tuaj yeem raug hu ua Nadana thiab muaj kev tuag zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim rau cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv huab cua niaj hnub hauv kev ua tsov rog.Qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm ytterbium doped laser iav tau ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab kev ua haujlwm siab laser riam phom.
Fiber laser yog ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab sai sai thiab tseem yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm laser iav.Fiber laser yog ib lub laser uas siv fiber ntau li laser nruab nrab, uas yog cov khoom ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm fiber ntau thiab laser technology.Nws yog lub tshuab laser tshiab tsim los ntawm erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) technology.Lub laser fiber ntau yog tsim los ntawm semiconductor laser diode ua lub twj tso kua mis, fiber ntau optic waveguide thiab nce nruab nrab, thiab cov khoom siv kho qhov muag xws li grating fibers thiab couplers.Nws tsis xav tau kev kho qhov muag ntawm txoj kev kho qhov muag, thiab cov txheej txheem yog compact thiab yooj yim rau integrate.Piv nrog rau cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev lasers thiab semiconductor lasers, nws muaj cov thev naus laus zis thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo xws li cov nqaj zoo, ruaj khov zoo, muaj zog tiv thaiv ib puag ncig cuam tshuam, tsis muaj kev hloov kho, tsis muaj kev saib xyuas, thiab cov qauv compact.Vim lub fact tias cov doped ions feem ntau yog Nd + 3, Yb + 3, Er + 3, Tm + 3, Ho + 3, tag nrho cov uas siv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj fibers raws li tau txais xov xwm, fiber ntau laser tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab kuj tau. hu ua lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj fiber ntau laser.
Daim ntawv thov Laser: Lub zog siab ytterbium doped ob chav clad fiber ntau laser tau dhau los ua qhov chaw kub hauv lub xeev laser tshuab thoob ntiaj teb hauv xyoo tas los no.Nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov kab teeb pom kev zoo, cov qauv kev cog lus, thiab kev hloov pauv siab, thiab muaj cov ntawv thov dav dav hauv kev lag luam thiab lwm yam kev lag luam.Ob chav clad ytterbium doped fibers yog tsim rau semiconductor laser siv, nrog siab coupling efficiency thiab siab laser tso zis zog, thiab yog lub ntsiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ytterbium doped fibers.Tuam Tshoj tus ob chav clad ytterbium doped fiber ntau tshuab tsis nyob rau par nrog rau qib siab ntawm txawv teb chaws.Lub ytterbium doped fiber ntau, ob chav clad ytterbium doped fiber ntau, thiab erbium ytterbium co doped fiber ntau tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb tau mus txog qib siab ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws zoo sib xws ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab muaj cov thev naus laus zis patented rau ntau yam khoom thiab txoj kev. .
Lub ntiaj teb nto moo German IPG laser tuam txhab tsis ntev los no tshaj tawm tias lawv cov tshiab ytterbium doped fiber ntau laser system muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov nqaj, lub twj tso kua mis lub neej ntawm ntau tshaj 50000 teev, lub hauv paus emission wavelength ntawm 1070nm-1080nm, thiab lub zog tso zis ntau txog 20KW.Nws tau siv dav hauv kev vuam zoo, txiav, thiab pob zeb drilling.
Cov ntaub ntawv laser yog lub hauv paus thiab lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov tshuab laser.Muaj ib txwm muaj lus hais hauv kev lag luam laser tias 'ib tiam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ib tiam ntawm cov khoom siv'.Txhawm rau txhim kho cov cuab yeej laser qib siab thiab siv tau, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xub muaj cov ntaub ntawv laser ua haujlwm siab thiab ua ke nrog lwm cov thev naus laus zis.Ytterbium doped laser crystals thiab laser iav, raws li lub zog tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv laser, yog txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm fiber optic kev sib txuas lus thiab laser tshuab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tej-ntim laser technologies xws li high-power nuclear fusion lasers, high-zog ntaus. pobzeb lasers, thiab high-zog riam phom lasers.
Tsis tas li ntawd, ytterbium kuj tseem siv los ua cov fluorescent hmoov activator, xov tooj cua ceramics, additives rau electronic computer memory Cheebtsam (magnetic npuas), thiab optical iav additives.Nws yuav tsum tau taw qhia tias yttrium thiab yttrium yog ob qho tib si lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.Txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov npe Askiv thiab cov cim cim, cov tsiaj ntawv suav suav muaj tib lub suab.Hauv qee qhov kev txhais lus Suav, yttrium yog qee zaum yuam kev hu ua yttrium.Hauv qhov no, peb yuav tsum taug qab cov ntawv qub thiab muab cov cim cim kom paub meej.
Post lub sij hawm: Sep-13-2023