Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb,lub npe hu ua "cov khoom muaj nqis" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, raws li cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm lwm cov khoom, thiab lub npe hu ua "vitamin" ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub no.Lawv tsis tsuas yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam ib txwm muaj xws li metallurgy, petrochemicals, iav ceramics, wool spinning, tawv, thiab kev ua liaj ua teb, tab sis kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv xws li fluorescence, magnetism, laser, fiber optic kev sib txuas lus, hydrogen cia zog, superconductivity, thiab lwm yam, Nws cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ceev thiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam high-tech xws li optical instruments, electronics, aerospace, thiab nuclear kev lag luam.Cov thev naus laus zis no tau ua tiav hauv kev ua tub rog thev naus laus zis, txhawb nqa kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua tub rog niaj hnub no.
Lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ua los ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebcov ntaub ntawv tshiab hauv kev ua tub rog niaj hnub no tau txais kev nyiam los ntawm tsoomfwv thiab cov kws tshaj lij ntawm ntau lub tebchaws, xws li tau teev npe raws li lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov kev lag luam high-tech thiab kev ua tub rog siv tshuab los ntawm cov chaw haujlwm ntawm lub tebchaws xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj.
Lus Taw Qhia rauLub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajs thiab Lawv Kev Sib Raug Zoo nrog Tub Rog thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Hauv Tebchaws
Hais lus nruj me ntsis, txhua lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj muaj qee yam kev siv tub rog, tab sis lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas lawv ua hauv kev tiv thaiv lub teb chaws thiab kev ua tub rog yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov xws li laser ntau, laser kev taw qhia, thiab laser kev sib txuas lus.
Daim ntawv thov ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebsteel thiabtsawg ntiaj tebductile hlau nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog technology
1.1 Application ofLub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajSteel nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog Technology
Kev ua haujlwm suav nrog ob yam: kev ua kom huv thiab kev sib tsoo, feem ntau yog desulfurization, deoxidation, thiab tshem tawm cov pa roj, tshem tawm cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov melting point teeb meem impurities, refining grain thiab cov qauv, cuam tshuam rau theem hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau, thiab txhim kho nws cov hardenability thiab mechanical zog.Tub rog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim ntau yam khoom siv tsawg hauv ntiaj teb uas tsim nyog rau kev siv riam phom los ntawm kev siv cov khoom ntawmtsawg ntiaj teb.
1.1.1 Armor steel
Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo 1960, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam riam phom tau pib tshawb nrhiav daim ntawv thov ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv armor steel thiab phom hlau, thiab ua tiav ua tiav.tsawg ntiaj tebarmor steel xws li 601, 603, thiab 623, ushering nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab era ntawm tseem ceeb raw cov ntaub ntawv rau tank ntau lawm nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj raws li domestic ntau lawm.
1.1.2Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebcarbon hlau
Hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1960, Tuam Tshoj ntxiv 0.05%tsawg ntiaj tebcov ntsiab lus rau qee yam zoo carbon steel los tsimtsawg ntiaj tebcarbon hlau.Tus nqi cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau no tau nce los ntawm 70% mus rau 100% piv rau thawj cov pa roj carbon steel, thiab qhov cuam tshuam tus nqi ntawm -40 ℃ yog ze li ob npaug.Cov ntaub ntawv loj-inch cartridge ua los ntawm cov hlau no tau raug pov thawj los ntawm kev sim tua hauv qhov kev tua kom ua tau raws li cov kev cai.Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj tau ua tiav thiab muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom, paub txog Tuam Tshoj txoj kev xav tau ntev ntawm kev hloov tooj liab nrog cov hlau hauv cov khoom siv cartridge.
1.1.3 Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb siab manganese hlau thiab tsawg lub ntiaj teb cam khwb cia hlau
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebsiab manganese steel yog siv los tsim cov tank taug qab daim hlau, thaumtsawg ntiaj tebcam khwb cia hlau yog siv los tsim cov tis tis, muzzle brakes, thiab artillery structural Cheebtsam rau high-ceev plhaub tho lub plhaub.Qhov no tuaj yeem txo cov kauj ruam ua haujlwm, txhim kho kev siv steel, thiab ua tiav cov cuab yeej ntsuas thiab kev qhia.
1.2 Daim ntawv thov ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsis tshua muaj Nodular Cam khwb cia hlau hauv Cov Tub Rog Niaj Hnub Nyoog Technology
Yav dhau los, Tuam Tshoj tus pem hauv ntej chamber projectile cov ntaub ntawv yog ua los ntawm semi-rigid cam khwb cia hlau ua los ntawm high-zoo npua hlau tov nrog 30% mus rau 40% seem steel.Vim nws tsis muaj zog, siab brittleness, tsawg thiab tsis ntse zoo fragmentation tom qab tawg, thiab qaug zog tua tsis muaj zog, kev loj hlob ntawm pem hauv ntej chamber projectile lub cev yog ib zaug txwv.Txij li thaum xyoo 1963, ntau yam calibers ntawm mortar shells tau tsim los siv cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, uas tau nce lawv cov khoom siv dag zog los ntawm 1-2 zaug, muab cov lej ntawm cov khoom siv tau zoo, thiab ua kom cov npoo ntawm cov khoom tawg tau zoo, txhim kho lawv lub zog tua.Lub plhaub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qee hom cannon plhaub thiab lub plhaub phom phom ua los ntawm cov khoom siv no hauv peb lub teb chaws muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo me ntsis ntawm kev tawg thiab ntom tua hluav taws ntau dua li lub plhaub hlau.
Daim ntawv thov ntawm non-ferrousrare ntiaj teb alloys xws li magnesium thiab txhuas nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog technology
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebmuaj tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm siab thiab loj atomic radii.Thaum ntxiv rau cov hlau tsis-ferrous thiab lawv cov alloys, lawv tuaj yeem kho qhov loj me, tiv thaiv kev sib cais, tshem tawm cov pa roj, impurities thiab purify, thiab txhim kho metallographic qauv, yog li ua tiav cov hom phiaj zoo xws li kev txhim kho cov khoom siv, lub cev, thiab kev ua haujlwm.Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws tau siv cov khoom ntawmtsawg ntiaj teblos tsim kho tshiabtsawg ntiaj tebmagnesium alloys, aluminium alloys, titanium alloys, thiab high-temperature alloys.Cov khoom no tau siv dav hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub siv thev naus laus zis xws li cov dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua, cov dav hlau tua rog, nyoob hoom qav taub, tsheb tsis muaj neeg tsav dav hlau, thiab missile satellites.
2.1Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebmagnesium alloy
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebmagnesium alloys muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb, tuaj yeem txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub dav hlau, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab muaj kev cia siab rau daim ntawv thov dav.Covtsawg ntiaj tebmagnesium alloys tsim los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Aviation Industry Corporation (tom qab no hu ua AVIC) suav nrog txog 10 qib ntawm cam khwb cia magnesium alloys thiab deformed magnesium alloys, ntau yam uas tau siv hauv kev tsim khoom thiab muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo.Piv txwv li, ZM 6 cam khwb cia magnesium alloy nrog tsawg lub ntiaj teb hlau neodymium raws li lub ntsiab additive tau nthuav dav siv rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb xws li nyoob hoom qav taub txo casings, fighter tis tav, thiab rotor txhuas siab phaj rau 30 kW generators.Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj zog magnesium alloy BM25 sib koom ua ke tsim los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Aviation Corporation thiab Nonferrous Metals Corporation tau hloov qee qhov nruab nrab lub zog aluminium alloys thiab tau siv rau hauv kev cuam tshuam dav hlau.
2.2Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebtitanium alloy
Thaum ntxov xyoo 1970, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (hu ua lub koom haum) hloov qee cov txhuas thiab silicon nrog.rare ntiaj teb hlau cerium (Ce) nyob rau hauv Ti-A1-Mo titanium alloys, txwv cov nag lossis daus ntawm nkig theem thiab kev txhim kho cov alloy lub tshav kub tsis kam thiab thermal stability.Rau lub hauv paus no, ib qho kev ua tau zoo cam khwb cia siab kub titanium alloy ZT3 uas muaj cerium tau tsim.Piv nrog cov alloys thoob ntiaj teb zoo sib xws, nws muaj qee yam zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm kub, lub zog, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem.Lub compressor casing tsim nrog nws yog siv rau lub cav W PI3 II, txo qhov hnyav ntawm txhua lub dav hlau los ntawm 39 kg thiab nce lub zog rau qhov hnyav piv los ntawm 1.5%.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm raug txo los ntawm 30%, ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb thiab kev lag luam, sau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv cam khwb cia titanium casings rau aviation cav hauv Suav teb hauv qab 500 ℃.Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias muaj me mecerium oxidehais nyob rau hauv microstructure ntawm ZT3 alloy muajcerium.Ceriumua ke ib feem ntawm cov pa oxygen nyob rau hauv lub alloy los ua ib tug refractory thiab siab hardnesstsawg ntiaj teb oxidekhoom, Ce2O3.Cov khoom no cuam tshuam qhov kev txav ntawm qhov tsis sib xws thaum lub sij hawm alloy deformation, txhim kho qhov kub ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau.Ceriumntes tau qee cov roj impurities (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ciam teb), uas yuav ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau thaum tuav zoo thermal stability.Qhov no yog thawj zaug los siv txoj kev xav ntawm qhov nyuaj solute point ntxiv dag zog rau hauv casting titanium alloys.Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb, lub koom haum Aviation Materials tau tsim ruaj khov thiab pheej yigyttrium oxidexuab zeb thiab hmoov cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub titanium alloy tov precision casting txheej txheem, siv tshwj xeeb mineralization kho tshuab.Nws tau ua tiav qib zoo hauv qhov tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, hardness, thiab stability rau titanium kua.Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev kho thiab tswj cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub plhaub slurry, nws tau qhia ntau superiority.Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv yttrium oxide plhaub los tsim titanium castings yog tias, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas qhov zoo thiab txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov castings piv rau cov txheej txheem txheej txheej tungsten, nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov titanium alloy castings uas yog thinner dua cov. ntawm tungsten txheej txheej txheej txheem.Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem no tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam aircraft, cav, thiab pej xeem castings.
2.3Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebaluminium alloy
HZL206 tshav kub-resistant cam khwb cia txhuas alloy uas muaj tsawg lub ntiaj teb tsim los ntawm AVIC muaj superior kub-kub thiab chav tsev kub mechanical zog piv rau npib tsib xee uas muaj alloys txawv teb chaws, thiab tau mus txog qib siab ntawm zoo sib xws alloys txawv teb chaws.Nws yog tam sim no siv los ua lub siab resistant valve rau nyoob hoom qav taub thiab fighter dav hlau nrog ib tug ua hauj lwm kub ntawm 300 ℃, hloov steel thiab titanium alloys.Txo qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv thiab tau muab tso rau hauv ntau lawm.Lub zog tensile ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebaluminium silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy ntawm 200-300 ℃ siab dua li ntawm West German piston alloys KS280 thiab KS282.Nws hnav tsis kam yog 4-5 npaug siab dua li cov piston alloys uas nquag siv ZL108, nrog me me coefficient ntawm linear expansion thiab zoo seem stability.Nws tau raug siv nyob rau hauv aviation accessories KY-5, KY-7 cua compressors thiab aviation qauv cav pistons.Qhov ntxiv ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebcov ntsiab lus rau aluminium alloys ho txhim kho microstructure thiab mechanical zog.Lub mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv aluminium alloys yog tsim ib tug dispersed tis, thiab me me aluminium compounds ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntxiv dag zog rau theem ob;Qhov ntxiv ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebcov ntsiab lus ua lub luag haujlwm hauv degassing thiab purifying, yog li txo cov pores hauv cov hlau thiab txhim kho nws cov kev ua tau zoo;Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebaluminium tebchaw, raws li heterogeneous siv lead ua nuclei rau refine nplej thiab eutectic theem, kuj yog ib hom kev hloov kho;Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb txhawb kev tsim thiab kho kom zoo ntawm cov qib hlau nplua nuj, txo lawv cov teebmeem.α- Cov kua dej ntawm cov hlau hauv A1 txo qis nrog qhov nce ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebNtxiv rau, uas tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho lub zog thiab plasticity.
Daim ntawv thov ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebcombustion cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tub rog technology
3.1 Ntshiabtsawg ntiaj teb hlau
Ntshiabtsawg ntiaj teb hlau, vim lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, nws nquag hnov mob nrog oxygen, sulfur, thiab nitrogen los tsim cov tebchaw ruaj khov.Thaum raug kev sib txhuam thiab kev cuam tshuam, cov nplaim hluav taws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.Yog li ntawd, thaum ntxov li 1908, nws tau ua rau flint.Nws tau pom tias ntawm 17tsawg ntiaj tebcov ntsiab lus, rau lub ntsiab lus suav nrogcerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, thiabyttriummuaj qhov zoo tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tua hluav taws.Cov neeg tau tig lub arson zog ntawm ryog lub ntiaj teb hlaurau hauv ntau hom riam phom incendiary, xws li US Mark 82 227 kg missile, uas sivrare ntiaj teb hlauhauv ob sab phlu, uas tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau tawg tua cov teebmeem tab sis kuj muaj teebmeem arson.Asmeskas huab cua-rau-hauv av "Damping Man" foob pob hluav taws lub taub hau yog nruab nrog 108 lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau square rods li liners, hloov qee cov khoom ua ntej.Kev ntsuam xyuas blasting zoo li qub tau pom tias nws lub peev xwm ua rau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog 44% siab dua li cov uas tsis muaj kab.
3.2 Sib xyawrare ntiaj teb hlaus
Vim tus nqi siab ntawm cov ntshiabtsawg ntiaj teb hlau,ntau lub teb chaws dav siv pheej yig compositerare ntiaj teb hlaus nyob rau hauv combustion riam phom.Qhov sib xyawrare ntiaj teb hlaucombustion tus neeg sawv cev yog loaded rau hauv lub plhaub hlau nyob rau hauv lub siab siab, nrog ib tug combustion tus neeg saib xyuas qhov ceev ntawm (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg / m3, combustion ceev 1.3-1.5 m / s, nplaim inch ntawm txog 500 mm, nplaim kub siab li. 1715-2000 ℃.Tom qab combustion, lub sij hawm ntawm lub incandescent lub cev cua sov yog ntev tshaj li 5 feeb.Thaum Tsov Rog Nyab Laj, Asmeskas cov tub rog tau tsim 40mm incendiary grenade siv lub launcher, thiab cov hluav taws kub hauv ob sab hauv yog ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb sib xyaw.Tom qab qhov projectile tawg, txhua qhov tawg nrog ib lub igniting liner tuaj yeem ignite lub hom phiaj.Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, lub hli ntau lawm ntawm lub foob pob mus txog 200000 rounds, nrog ntau tshaj 260000 rounds.
3.3Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebcombustion alloys
Atsawg ntiaj tebcombustion alloy hnyav 100 g tuaj yeem tsim 200-3000 sparks nrog thaj tsam loj, uas yog sib npaug rau kev tua hluav taws ntawm armor tho thiab armor piercing shells.Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho cov mos txwv ntau yam nrog lub zog sib xyaw ua ke tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov mos txwv hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws.Rau armor tho thiab armor piercing shells, lawv tactical kev ua tau zoo yuav tsum tau hais tias tom qab nkag mus rau cov yeeb ncuab tank armor, lawv kuj muaj peev xwm ignite lawv cov roj thiab mos txwv rau tag nrho cov tank.Rau cov grenades, nws yuav tsum tau ignite cov khoom siv tub rog thiab cov chaw muaj tswv yim hauv lawv qhov kev tua.Nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov yas tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb hlau incendiary foob pob ua nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas muaj lub cev ua los ntawm fiberglass reinforced nylon thiab ib qho sib xyaw tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb alloy core, uas yog siv los ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo dua rau cov hom phiaj uas muaj aviation roj thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws.
Kev siv ntawm 4Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajCov khoom siv hauv Kev Tiv Thaiv Tub Rog thiab Nuclear Technology
4.1 Daim Ntawv Thov Kev Tiv Thaiv Tub Rog
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus muaj hluav taws xob resistant zog.Lub National Center for Neutron Cross Sections nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States siv cov ntaub ntawv polymer raws li substrate thiab ua ob hom phaj nrog ib tug tuab ntawm 10 hli nrog los yog tsis muaj ntxiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus rau kev ntsuam xyuas hluav taws xob tiv thaiv.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias thermal neutron shielding nyhuv ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebCov ntaub ntawv polymer yog 5-6 npaug zoo dua li ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebdawb cov ntaub ntawv polymer.Cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb nrog cov ntsiab lus ntxiv xws lisamarium, europium, gadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, dysprosium, thiab lwm yam. muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws neutron absorption cross section thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ntes cov neutrons.Tam sim no, cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev ua tub rog muaj xws li cov hauv qab no.
4.1.1 Nuclear radiation shielding
Tebchaws Asmeskas siv 1% boron thiab 5% tsawg lub ntiaj tebgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, samarium, thiablanthanumlos ua ib tug 600m tuab hluav taws xob resistant pob zeb rau shielding fission neutron qhov chaw nyob rau hauv pas dej ua ke reactors.Fabkis tau tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ntxiv borides,tsawg ntiaj tebcompounds, lubtsawg ntiaj teb alloysrau graphite li substrate.Qhov muab tub lim ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw no yuav tsum tau muab sib npaug sib npaug thiab ua rau hauv cov khoom siv ua ntej, uas tau muab tso rau ib ncig ntawm lub reactor channel raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv.
4.1.2 Tank thermal radiation shielding
Nws muaj plaub txheej ntawm veneer, nrog tag nrho cov tuab ntawm 5-20 cm.Thawj txheej yog ua los ntawm iav fiber reinforced yas, nrog inorganic hmoov ntxiv nrog 2%tsawg ntiaj tebsib txuas ua cov fillers los thaiv cov neutrons ceev thiab nqus cov neutrons qeeb;Qhov thib ob thiab thib peb txheej ntxiv boron graphite, polystyrene, thiab lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus suav nrog 10% ntawm tag nrho cov muab tub lim rau yav dhau los los thaiv cov nruab nrab lub zog neutrons thiab nqus cov thermal neutrons;Plaub txheej siv graphite es tsis txhob iav fiber ntau, thiab ntxiv 25%tsawg ntiaj tebsib txuas kom nqus tau cov thermal neutrons.
4.1.3 Lwm yam
Kev thovtsawg ntiaj tebtiv thaiv hluav taws xob coatings rau tso tsheb hlau luam, nkoj, chaw nyob, thiab lwm yam khoom siv tub rog tuaj yeem muaj kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob.
4.2 Daim Ntawv Thov hauv Nuclear Technology
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebyttrium oxidetuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov roj uranium hauv cov dej kub npau npau (BWRs).Ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus,gadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavmuaj lub peev xwm muaj zog tshaj plaws los nqus cov neutrons, nrog kwv yees li 4600 lub hom phiaj ib atom.Txhua yam ntuj tsimgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavatom absorbs qhov nruab nrab ntawm 4 neutrons ua ntej tsis ua hauj lwm.Thaum sib xyaw nrog fissionable uranium,gadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavtuaj yeem txhawb combustion, txo kev siv uranium, thiab ua kom lub zog tso zis ntau ntxiv.Gadolinium oxide hmoovtsis tsim teeb meem byproduct deuterium zoo li boron carbide, thiab tuaj yeem sib haum nrog ob qho tib si uranium roj thiab nws cov khoom txheej thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam nuclear.Qhov zoo ntawm kev sivgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshaves tsis txhob boron yog tiasgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavtuaj yeem sib xyaw ncaj qha nrog uranium los tiv thaiv kev siv hluav taws xob nuclear.Raws li kev txheeb cais, tam sim no muaj 149 lub phiaj xwm nuclear reactors thoob ntiaj teb, ntawm 115 lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob siv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj.gadolinium oxide hmoov. Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebsamarium, europium, thiabdysprosiumtau siv ua neutron absorbers hauv neutron breeders.Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb yttriummuaj ib qho me me capture cross-section nyob rau hauv neutrons thiab yuav siv tau raws li ib tug yeeb nkab khoom rau molten ntsev reactors.Nyias foils nrog ntxivtsawg ntiaj teb gadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavthiabdysprosiumtuaj yeem siv ua neutron field detectors hauv aerospace thiab nuclear kev lag luam engineering, me me ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebthuliumthiaberbiumtuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv rau cov tube neutron generators, thiabtsawg ntiaj teb oxideeuropium hlau hlau ceramics tuaj yeem siv los ua kev txhim kho reactor tswj cov ntawv txhawb nqa.Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebgadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavkuj tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua cov txheej txheej ntxiv los tiv thaiv hluav taws xob neutron, thiab cov tsheb armored coated nrog cov txheej tshwj xeeb uas muajgadolinium oxide hmoovtuaj yeem tiv thaiv hluav taws xob neutron.Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb ytterbiumyog siv rau hauv cov khoom siv los ntsuas qhov geostress los ntawm underground nuclear explosions.Thaum twgtsis tshua muaj pobhytterbiumyog raug quab yuam, qhov tsis kam nce, thiab qhov kev hloov ntawm kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem siv los xam qhov siab nws raug.Txuastsawg ntiaj teb gadolinium nyob rau hauv cov ntshavntawv ci tso los ntawm vapor deposition thiab staggered txheej nrog lub zog rhiab heev tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas kev ntxhov siab nuclear.
5, Daim ntawv thov ntawmLub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajCov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov nyob rau niaj hnub ua tub rog Technology
Covtsawg ntiaj tebCov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov, qhuas tias yog tiam tshiab ntawm cov vaj ntxwv sib nqus, tam sim no hu ua cov khoom siv hlau nplaum zoo tshaj plaws.Nws muaj ntau dua 100 npaug ntawm cov khoom sib nqus ntau dua li cov hlau nplaum siv hauv cov khoom siv tub rog hauv xyoo 1970s.Tam sim no, nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas lus hauv tshuab hluav taws xob niaj hnub no, siv nyob rau hauv kev mus ncig yoj raj thiab circulators hauv ntiaj teb dag satellites, radars, thiab lwm yam.Yog li ntawd, nws muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog.
Samariumcobalt hlau nplaum thiab neodymium hlau boron hlau nplaum yog siv rau electron beam tsom nyob rau hauv missile guidance systems.Cov hlau nplaum yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov kab hluav taws xob thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau qhov chaw tswj ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws.Muaj kwv yees li 5-10 phaus (2.27-4.54 kg) ntawm cov hlau nplaum nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev taw qhia kev taw qhia ntawm lub missile.Ntxiv rau,tsawg ntiaj tebCov hlau nplaum kuj yog siv los tsav lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab tig lub rudder ntawm cov missile coj.Lawv qhov zoo yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov khoom muaj zog sib nqus thiab sib zog sib zog piv rau cov khoom qub txhuas nickel cobalt hlau nplaum.
6 .Kev thov ntawmLub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajCov ntaub ntawv laser hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub Technology
Laser yog hom tshiab ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo uas muaj qhov zoo monochromaticity, directionality, thiab coherence, thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau siab brightness.Laser thiabtsawg ntiaj tebcov ntaub ntawv laser tau yug los ib txhij.Txog tam sim no, kwv yees li 90% ntawm cov ntaub ntawv laser koom nrogtsawg ntiaj teb.Piv txwv li,yttriumaluminium garnet siv lead ua yog siv dav siv laser uas tuaj yeem ua tiav cov zis hluav taws xob tas li ntawm chav tsev kub.Daim ntawv thov ntawm solid-state lasers nyob rau hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub no suav nrog cov hauv qab no.
6.1 Laser ntau yam
Covneodymiumdopedyttriumaluminium garnet laser rangefinder tsim los ntawm cov teb chaws xws li Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis, thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov deb ntawm 4000 txog 20000 meters nrog qhov tseeb ntawm 5 meters.Cov cuab yeej siv riam phom xws li Asmeskas MI, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees Leopard II, Fabkis Leclerc, Nyiv Hom 90, Israel's Mecca, thiab qhov kawg British tsim Challenger 2 tank tag nrho siv hom laser rangefinder.Tam sim no, qee lub tebchaws tab tom tsim lub cim tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv laser rangefinders rau tib neeg lub qhov muag kev nyab xeeb, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm wavelength ntau ntawm 1.5-2.1 μ M. Handheld laser rangefinders tau tsim los siv.holmiumdopedyttriumlithium fluoride lasers nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab lub tebchaws United Kingdom, nrog ib tug ua hauj lwm wavelength ntawm 2.06 μ M, xws li mus txog 3000 m.Tebchaws Meskas kuj tau koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab laser thoob ntiaj teb los tsim ib qho erbium-dopedyttriumlithium fluoride laser nrog lub wavelength ntawm 1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder thiab hnyav nruab nrog cov tub rog.Lub laser wavelength ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus tub rog rangefinder yog 1.06 μ M, xws li ntawm 200 mus rau 7000 m.Tuam Tshoj tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb los ntawm laser TV theodolite hauv lub hom phiaj kev ntsuas thaum lub sij hawm tso tawm cov foob pob hluav taws ntev, cuaj luaj, thiab kev sim sib txuas lus satellites.
6.2 Laser kev taw qhia
Laser coj cov foob pob siv lasers rau kev taw qhia davhlau ya nyob twg.Lub Nd · YAG laser, uas emits kaum ob pulses ib ob, yog siv los irradiate lub hom phiaj laser.Cov pulses yog encoded thiab lub teeb pulses tuaj yeem coj tus kheej lub missile teb, yog li tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam los ntawm missile launches thiab obstacles teem los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.US tub rog GBV-15 glider foob pob, tseem hu ua "dexterous foob pob".Ib yam li ntawd, nws tseem tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov khoom siv laser coj.
6.3 Laser kev sib txuas lus
Ntxiv rau Nd · YAG, lub laser tso zis ntawm lithiumneodymiumphosphate crystal (LNP) yog polarized thiab yooj yim rau kev hloov kho, ua rau nws yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws micro laser cov ntaub ntawv.Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua lub teeb ci rau kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau thiab xav tias yuav siv rau hauv kev sib txuas lus optics thiab cosmic kev sib txuas lus.Ntxiv rau,yttriumhlau garnet (Y3Fe5O12) ib leeg siv lead ua tuaj yeem siv los ua ntau yam magnetostatic nto yoj siv tshuab siv microwave kev koom ua ke, ua rau cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke thiab ua haujlwm me me, thiab muaj cov ntawv tshwj xeeb hauv radar chaw taws teeb tswj, telemetry, navigation, thiab hluav taws xob tiv thaiv.
7.Kev thov ntawmLub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajSuperconducting Materials nyob rau hauv Modern Military Technology
Thaum qee yam khoom muaj qhov tsis muaj zog hauv qab qhov ntsuas kub, nws yog hu ua superconductivity, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb kub (Tc).Superconductors yog ib hom khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv magnetic uas tawm tsam txhua qhov kev sim siv cov hlau nplaum hauv qab qhov kub thiab txias, hu ua Meisner effect.Ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb rau cov khoom siv superconducting tuaj yeem ua rau kub siab heev Tc.Qhov no txhawb kev txhim kho thiab siv cov khoom siv superconducting.Nyob rau xyoo 1980, cov teb chaws tsim kho xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj tau ntxiv qee qhov ntawmtsawg ntiaj teb oxides zoo lilanthanum, yttrium,europium, thiaberbiumrau barium oxide thiabtooj liab oxidecov tebchaw, uas tau muab sib xyaw, nias, thiab sintered los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob superconducting, ua rau kev siv cov tshuab superconducting, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev siv tub rog, ntau dua.
7.1 Superconducting integrated circuits
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau ua nyob txawv teb chaws, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas tau tsim los siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob superconducting.Yog tias hom kev sib xyaw ua ke no yog siv los tsim cov khoos phis tawj superconducting, nws yuav tsis tsuas yog me me, lub teeb hauv qhov hnyav, thiab siv tau yooj yim, tab sis kuj muaj kev suav ceev 10 txog 100 npaug sai dua li cov khoos phis tawj semiconductor, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntab. ncav cuag 300 mus rau 1 trillion zaug ib ob.Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog Asmeskas tau kwv yees tias ib zaug superconducting computers tau qhia, lawv yuav dhau los ua "multiplier" rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm C1 system hauv tub rog.
7.2 Superconducting magnetic exploration technology
Sib nqus rhiab Cheebtsam ua los ntawm superconducting ceramic cov ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug me me ntim, ua rau nws yooj yim mus cuag kev koom ua ke thiab array.Lawv tuaj yeem tsim ntau cov channel thiab ntau qhov ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas, ua kom cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm ntau ntxiv thiab txhim kho qhov kev tshawb pom qhov deb thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nplaum.Kev siv superconducting magnetometers tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog ntes cov hom phiaj txav xws li tso tsheb hlau luam, tsheb, thiab submarines, tab sis kuj ntsuas lawv qhov loj, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tswv yim thiab thev naus laus zis xws li kev tiv thaiv lub tank thiab kev ua tsov rog submarine.
Nws tau tshaj tawm tias US Navy tau txiav txim siab los tsim lub chaw taws teeb pom kev deb siv qhov notsawg ntiaj tebsuperconducting cov khoom siv los ua kom pom thiab txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob nyob deb.Lub satellite no hu ua Naval Earth Image Observatory tau tsim tawm xyoo 2000.
8. Daim ntawv thov ntawmLub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajGiant Magnetostrictive Materials in Modern Military Technology
Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebloj magnetostrictive cov ntaub ntawv yog ib yam tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv ua haujlwm tshiab tsim nyob rau xyoo 1980s txawv teb chaws.Feem ntau xa mus rau lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau sib txuas.Cov khoom siv no muaj cov nqi magnetostrictive ntau dua li hlau, npib tsib xee, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv, thiab nws cov magnetostrictive coefficient yog li ntawm 102-103 npaug ntau dua li cov khoom siv magnetostrictive, yog li nws yog hu ua cov ntaub ntawv loj lossis loj magnetostrictive.Ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lag luam, tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb loj magnetostrictive cov ntaub ntawv muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi thiab lub zog nyob rau hauv lub cev ua haujlwm.Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog kev vam meej ntawm Terfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy, lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv magnetostrictive tau qhib.Thaum Terfenol-D muab tso rau hauv ib qho chaw sib nqus, nws qhov sib txawv me me yog ntau dua li cov khoom sib nqus zoo tib yam, uas ua rau qee qhov kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws kom ua tiav.Tam sim no, nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb, los ntawm roj systems, kua valve tswj, micro positioning rau mechanical actuators rau qhov chaw telescopes thiab aircraft tis regulators.Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Terfenol-D cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tau ua kom muaj kev vam meej hauv kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob.Thiab nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis, kev ua tub rog thev naus laus zis, thiab kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm kev lag luam ib txwm muaj.Kev siv cov khoom siv tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb magnetostrictive hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub no feem ntau suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
8.1 Sonar Nws
Qhov dav dav emission zaus ntawm sonar yog siab dua 2 kHz, tab sis tsawg zaus sonar hauv qab no zaus muaj nws qhov tshwj xeeb zoo: qhov qis dua, qhov me dua qhov attenuation, qhov deb ntawm lub suab yoj propagates, thiab tsis tshua muaj cuam tshuam rau underwater ncha shielding.Sonars ua los ntawm cov khoom siv Terfenol-D tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub zog siab, ntim me me, thiab tsis tshua muaj zaus, yog li lawv tau tsim sai.
8.2 Hluav taws xob mechanical transducers
Feem ntau yog siv rau cov cuab yeej tswj me me - actuators.Xws li kev tswj xyuas qhov tseeb mus txog qib nanometer, nrog rau cov twj servo, roj txhaj tshuaj, nres, thiab lwm yam. Siv rau cov tsheb tub rog, tub rog aircraft thiab spacecraft, tub rog robots, thiab lwm yam.
8.3 Sensors thiab electronic devices
Xws li hnab tshos magnetometers, sensors rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev txav chaw, quab yuam, thiab acceleration, thiab tunable nto acoustic yoj pab kiag li lawm.Cov tom kawg yog siv rau theem sensors hauv mines, sonar, thiab cov khoom khaws cia hauv computers.
9. Lwm yam khoom siv
Lwm cov ntaub ntawv xws litsawg ntiaj tebluminescent cov ntaub ntawv,tsawg ntiaj tebhydrogen cia cov ntaub ntawv, tsawg ntiaj teb loj magnetoresistive cov ntaub ntawv,tsawg ntiaj tebmagnetic tub yees cov ntaub ntawv, thiabtsawg ntiaj tebmagneto-optical cia cov ntaub ntawv tau tag nrho tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub, zoo heev txhim kho kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov riam phom niaj hnub no.Piv txwv li,tsawg ntiaj tebCov khoom siv luminescent tau ua tiav zoo rau kev pom kev hmo ntuj.Nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag pom kev hmo ntuj, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj phosphors hloov photons (lub teeb lub zog) rau hauv cov hluav taws xob, uas tau txhim kho los ntawm ntau lab qhov me me hauv lub dav hlau fiber ntau optic microscope, xav rov qab los ntawm phab ntsa, tso tawm ntau dua electrons.Qee lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj phosphors ntawm tus Tsov tus tw kawg hloov electrons rov qab rau hauv photons, yog li cov duab tuaj yeem pom nrog lub ntsej muag.Cov txheej txheem no zoo ib yam li lub vijtsam TV, qhov twgtsawg ntiaj tebfluorescent hmoov emits ib co duab xim rau ntawm qhov screen.Kev lag luam Asmeskas feem ntau siv niobium pentoxide, tab sis rau kev pom kev hmo ntuj kom ua tiav, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj caijlanthanumyog ib feem tseem ceeb.Nyob rau hauv Gulf Tsov Rog, ntau haiv neeg siv cov tsom iav hmo ntuj no los soj ntsuam lub hom phiaj ntawm Iraqi tub rog ib zaug thiab ib zaug ntxiv, hauv kev sib pauv rau me me yeej.
10 .Tau kawg
Kev loj hlob ntawm covtsawg ntiaj tebkev lag luam tau txhawb nqa kev vam meej ntawm kev ua tub rog niaj hnub no, thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua tub rog thev naus laus zis kuj tau ua kom muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev lag luam.tsawg ntiaj tebkev lag luam.Kuv ntseeg tias nrog kev nce qib sai ntawm ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis,tsawg ntiaj tebcov khoom lag luam yuav ua lub luag haujlwm ntau dua hauv kev txhim kho cov tub rog niaj hnub siv thev naus laus zis nrog lawv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, thiab nqa cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo rau kev lag luam.tsawg ntiaj tebkev lag luam nws tus kheej.
Post lub sij hawm: Nov-29-2023